{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:07:06Z","timestamp":1793203626121,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding disease transmission dynamics in multihost parasite systems is a research priority for control and potential elimination of many infectious diseases. In China, despite decades of multifaceted control efforts against schistosomiasis, the indirectly transmitted helminth\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains endemic, partly because of the presence of zoonotic reservoirs. We used mathematical modeling and conceptual frameworks of multihost transmission ecology to assess the relative importance of various definitive host species for\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission in contrasting hilly and marshland areas of China. We examine whether directing control interventions against zoonotic reservoirs could further reduce incidence of infection in humans or even eliminate transmission. Results suggest that, under current control programs, infections in humans result from spillover of transmission among zoonotic reservoirs. Estimates of the basic reproduction number within each species suggest that bovines (water buffalo and cattle) maintained transmission in the marshland area and that the recent removal of bovines from this area could achieve local elimination of transmission. However, the sole use of antifecundity\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccines for bovines, at least at current efficacies, may not achieve elimination in areas of comparable endemicity where removal of bovines is not a feasible option. The results also suggest that rodents drive transmission in the hilly area. Therefore, although targeting bovines could further reduce and potentially interrupt transmission in marshland regions of China, elimination of\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    could prove more challenging in areas where rodents might maintain transmission. In conclusion, we show how mathematical modeling can give important insights into multihost transmission of indirectly transmitted pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221509110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T00:20:05Z","timestamp":1372119605000},"page":"11457-11462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Identifying host species driving transmission of schistosomiasis japonica, a multihost parasite system, in China"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"James W.","family":"Rudge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bangkok Office, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne P.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-Bing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hefei 230061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ren","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hefei 230061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Gloria","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.061423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.025031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999103X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04181.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000781"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"Anderson RM","year":"1991","unstructured":"RM Anderson, RM May Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"; 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