{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:54:58Z","timestamp":1791208498604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mapping of epitopes recognized by functional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is essential for understanding the nature of immune responses and designing improved vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. In recent years, identification of B-cell epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies has facilitated the design of peptide-based vaccines against highly variable pathogens like HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, and\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; however, none of these products has yet progressed into clinical stages. Linear epitopes identified by conventional mapping techniques only partially reflect the immunogenic properties of the epitope in its natural conformation, thus limiting the success of this approach. To investigate antigen\u2013antibody interactions and assess the potential of the most common epitope mapping techniques, we generated a series of mAbs against factor H binding protein (fHbp), a key virulence factor and vaccine antigen of\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The interaction of fHbp with the bactericidal mAb 12C1 was studied by various epitope mapping methods. Although a 12-residue epitope in the C terminus of fHbp was identified by both Peptide Scanning and Phage Display Library screening, other approaches, such as hydrogen\/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray crystallography, showed that mAb 12C1 occupies an area of \u223c1,000 \u00c5\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    on fHbp, including &gt;20 fHbp residues distributed on both N- and C-terminal domains. Collectively, these data show that linear epitope mapping techniques provide useful but incomplete descriptions of B-cell epitopes, indicating that increased efforts to fully characterize antigen\u2013antibody interfaces are required to understand and design effective immunogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222845110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]],"date-time":"2013-02-08T22:57:23Z","timestamp":1360364243000},"page":"3304-3309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Defining a protective epitope on factor H binding protein, a key meningococcal virulence factor and vaccine antigen"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Malito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Faleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lo Surdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Veggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulietta","family":"Maruggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cartocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Borgogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Brier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lo Passo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of bDipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 di Messina, 31 98166 Messina, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Domina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Ginecologiche, Microbiologiche e Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 di Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 98125 Messina, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Felici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio (DiBT), Universit\u00e0 del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"van der Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Norais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Rappuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Bottomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vega","family":"Masignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2010.06.010","article-title":"Computational design of epitope-scaffolds allows induction of antibodies specific for a poorly immunogenic HIV vaccine epitope","volume":"18","author":"Correia BE","year":"2010","unstructured":"BE Correia, et al., Computational design of epitope-scaffolds allows induction of antibodies specific for a poorly immunogenic HIV vaccine epitope. 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J Virol 84, 12236\u201312244 (2010).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","article-title":"Immunological features and efficacy of the reconstructed epitope vaccine CtUBE against Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB\/c mice model","author":"Guo L","year":"2012","unstructured":"L Guo, et al., Immunological features and efficacy of the reconstructed epitope vaccine CtUBE against Helicobacter pylori infection in BALB\/c mice model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, in press. 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