{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:34:33Z","timestamp":1783370073078,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite their high degree of genomic similarity, reminiscent of their  relatively recent separation from each other (\u22486 million years ago), the  molecular basis of traits unique to humans vs. their closest relative, the  chimpanzee, is largely unknown. This report describes a large-scale  single-contig comparison between human and chimpanzee genomes via the sequence  analysis of almost one-half of the immunologically critical MHC. This  1,750,601-bp stretch of DNA, which encompasses the entire class I along with  the telomeric part of the MHC class III regions, corresponds to an orthologous  1,870,955 bp of the human HLA region. Sequence analysis confirms the existence  of a high degree of sequence similarity between the two species. However, and  importantly, this 98.6% sequence identity drops to only 86.7% taking into  account the multiple insertions\/deletions (indels) dispersed throughout the  region. This is functionally exemplified by a large deletion of 95 kb between  the virtual locations of human\n                    <jats:italic>MICA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>MICB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, which  results in a single hybrid chimpanzee\n                    <jats:italic>MIC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, in a segment of the  MHC genetically linked to species-specific handling of several viral  infections (HIV\/SIV, hepatitis B and C) as well as susceptibility to various  autoimmune diseases. Finally, if generalized, these data suggest that  evolution may have used the mechanistically more drastic indels instead of the  more subtle single-nucleotide substitutions for shaping the recently emerged  primate species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1230533100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]],"date-time":"2003-06-24T13:47:39Z","timestamp":1056462459000},"page":"7708-7713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Comparative sequencing of human and chimpanzee MHC class I regions  unveils insertions\/deletions as the major path to genomic divergence"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Anzai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Shiina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyo","family":"Yanagiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakae","family":"Kohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Shigenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsushi","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy K.","family":"Kulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeko K.","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Fukuzumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Umehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan;  Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological  Computing, School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA  6150, Australia; Bioscience Research Laboratory,  Fujiya Company, Limited, 228 Soya, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0031, Japan;  National Institute of Genetics Center for  Information Biology and DDBJ, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Information,  Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine,  Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; 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