{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:36:25Z","timestamp":1791326185015,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Trypanosomosis, or sleeping sickness, is a major disease constraint on livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to trypanosomosis in cattle, an experimental cross was made between trypanotolerant African N'Dama (\n                    <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and trypanosusceptible improved Kenya Boran (\n                    <jats:italic>Bos indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) cattle. Sixteen phenotypic traits were defined describing anemia, body weight, and parasitemia. One hundred seventy-seven F\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    animals and their parents and grandparents were genotyped at 477 molecular marker loci covering all 29 cattle autosomes. Total genome coverage was 82%. Putative QTL were mapped to 18 autosomes at a genomewise false discovery rate of &lt;0.20. The results are consistent with a single QTL on 17 chromosomes and two QTL on BTA16. Individual QTL effects ranged from \u22486% to 20% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. Excluding chromosomes with ambiguous or nontrypanotolerance effects, the allele for resistance to trypanosomosis originated from the N'Dama parent at nine QTL and from the Kenya Boran at five QTL, and at four QTL there is evidence of an overdominant mode of inheritance. These results suggest that selection for trypanotolerance within an F\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    cross between N'Dama and Boran cattle could produce a synthetic breed with higher trypanotolerance levels than currently exist in the parental breeds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1232392100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,24]],"date-time":"2003-06-24T13:47:39Z","timestamp":1056462459000},"page":"7443-7448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling trypanotolerance in a cross of tolerant West African N'Dama and susceptible East African Boran cattle"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Hanotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Ronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Korol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Soller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel; Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Fukushima 961-8006, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Teale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. 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