{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:48:56Z","timestamp":1790614136418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are a unique family of retroelements that confer selective advantages to their hosts by facilitating localized DNA sequence evolution through a specialized error-prone reverse transcription process. We characterized a DGR in\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an opportunistic human pathogen that causes Legionnaires disease. The\n                    <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    DGR is found within a horizontally acquired genomic island, and it can theoretically generate 10\n                    <jats:sup>26<\/jats:sup>\n                    unique nucleotide sequences in its target gene, legionella determinent target A (\n                    <jats:italic>ldtA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), creating a repertoire of 10\n                    <jats:sup>19<\/jats:sup>\n                    distinct proteins. Expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    DGR resulted in transfer of DNA sequence information from a template repeat to a variable repeat (VR) accompanied by adenine-specific mutagenesis of progeny VRs at the 3\u2032end of\n                    <jats:italic>ldtA<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ldtA<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes a twin-arginine translocated lipoprotein that is anchored in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, with its C-terminal variable region surface exposed. Related DGRs were identified in\n                    <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical isolates that encode unique target proteins with homologous VRs, demonstrating the adaptability of DGR components. This work characterizes a DGR that diversifies a bacterial protein and confirms the hypothesis that DGR-mediated mutagenic homing occurs through a conserved mechanism. Comparative bioinformatics predicts that surface display of massively variable proteins is a defining feature of a subset of bacterial DGRs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301366110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T08:22:51Z","timestamp":1367396571000},"page":"8212-8217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Surface display of a massively variable lipoprotein by a\n                    <i>Legionella<\/i>\n                    diversity-generating retroelement"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Arambula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aMicrobiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aMicrobiology, Immunology, and 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