{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:13:21Z","timestamp":1791015201506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"29","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Oral feed-based passive immunization can be a promising strategy to prolong maternal lactogenic immunity against postweaning infections. Enterotoxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ETEC)-caused postweaning diarrhea in piglets is one such infection that may be prevented by oral passive immunization and might avert recurrent economic losses to the pig farming industry. As a proof of principle, we designed anti-ETEC antibodies by fusing variable domains of llama heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs) against ETEC to the Fc part of a porcine immunoglobulin (IgG or IgA) and expressed them in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    seeds. In this way, four VHH-IgG and four VHH-IgA antibodies were produced to levels of about 3% and 0.2% of seed weight, respectively. Cotransformation of VHH-IgA with the porcine joining chain and secretory component led to the production of light-chain devoid, assembled multivalent dimeric, and secretory IgA-like antibodies. In vitro analysis of all of the antibody-producing seed extracts showed inhibition of bacterial binding to porcine gut villous enterocytes. However, in the piglet feed-challenge experiment, only the piglets receiving feed containing the VHH-IgA\u2013based antibodies (dose 20 mg\/d per pig) were protected. Piglets receiving the VHH-IgA\u2013based antibodies in the feed showed a progressive decline in shedding of bacteria, significantly lower immune responses corroborating reduced exposure to the ETEC pathogen, and a significantly higher weight gain compared with the piglets receiving VHH-IgG producing (dose 80 mg\/d per pig) or wild-type seeds. These results stress the importance of the antibody format in oral passive immunization and encourage future expression of these antibodies in crop seeds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301975110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T20:16:05Z","timestamp":1372191365000},"page":"11809-11814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Orally fed seeds producing designer IgAs protect weaned piglets against enterotoxigenic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Vikram","family":"Virdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Coddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"De Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Maria","family":"Goddeeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"De Greve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; and"},{"name":"Department of Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Depicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3040442","article-title":"Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk","volume":"3","author":"Hurley WL","year":"2011","unstructured":"WL Hurley, PK Theil, Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. 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