{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:01:18Z","timestamp":1791378078764,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"33","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We study the biomechanical interactions between the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton in a red blood cell (RBC) by developing a general framework for mesoscopic simulations. We treated the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton as two distinct components and developed a unique whole-cell model of the RBC, using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with measurements from four different and independent experiments. First, we simulated the micropipette aspiration and quantified the cytoskeletal deformation. Second, we studied the membrane fluctuations of healthy RBCs and RBCs parasitized to different intraerythrocytic stages by the malaria-inducing parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Third, we subjected the RBC to shear flow and investigated the dependence of its tank-treading frequency on shear rate. Finally, we simulated the bilayer\u2013cytoskeletal detachment in channel flow to quantify the strength of such interactions when the corresponding bonds break. Taken together, these experiments and corresponding systematic DPD simulations probe the governing constitutive response of the cytoskeleton, elastic stiffness, viscous friction, and strength of bilayer\u2013cytoskeletal interactions as well as membrane viscosities. Hence, the DPD simulations and comparisons with available independent experiments serve as validation of the unique two-component model and lead to useful insights into the biomechanical interactions between the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton of the RBC. Furthermore, they provide a basis for further studies to probe cell mechanistic processes in health and disease in a manner that guides the design and interpretation of experiments and to develop simulations of phenomena that cannot be studied systematically by experiments alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311827110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T00:11:18Z","timestamp":1375143078000},"page":"13356-13361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Lipid bilayer and cytoskeletal interactions in a red blood cell"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Zhangli","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor V.","family":"Pivkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, 6904 Lugano, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Karniadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subra","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2020854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.23.060194.004035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2004.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1709","volume-title":"Blood, Principles and Practice of Hematology","author":"Walensky L","year":"2003","unstructured":"L Walensky, N Mohandas, SE Lux, Disorders of the red blood cell membrane. 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