{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:09:34Z","timestamp":1794060574592,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Snake venoms are toxic protein cocktails used for prey capture. To investigate the evolution of these complex biological weapon systems, we sequenced the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra, and assessed the composition of venom gland expressed genes, small RNAs, and secreted venom proteins. We show that regulatory components of the venom secretory system may have evolved from a pancreatic origin and that venom toxin genes were co-opted by distinct genomic mechanisms. After co-option, toxin genes important for prey capture have massively expanded by gene duplication and evolved under positive selection, resulting in protein neofunctionalization. This diverse and dramatic venom-related genomic response seemingly occurs in response to a coevolutionary arms race between venomous snakes and their prey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314702110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,2]],"date-time":"2013-12-02T23:57:30Z","timestamp":1386028650000},"page":"20651-20656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":429,"title":["The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Freek J.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Casewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan V.","family":"Henkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands;"},{"name":"ZF-Screens B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha M.","family":"Heimberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZF-Screens B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J. 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