{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1790154912770,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The classical active penetration model for\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion was established in studies of infection of nonphagocytic host cells by virulent strains of the parasite. Here, we show that avirulent\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites use a noncanonical invasion pathway when infecting macrophages. Instead of active penetration at cell surface, avirulent\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites are initially phagocytosed by macrophages and, subsequently, form a parasite vacuole from a phagosomal compartment. This phagosome to vacuole invasion (PTVI) pathway is associated with more efficient infection of macrophages. We hypothesize that PTVI represents a Trojan horse strategy for phagocyte infection and may lead to enhanced systemic dissemination and immune stimulation, acute infection control, and chronic infection establishment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316841111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]],"date-time":"2014-04-14T23:58:43Z","timestamp":1397519923000},"page":"6437-6442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Avirulent strains of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    infect macrophages by active invasion from the phagosome"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Marple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. P.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford OX3 9D5, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Bzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.12.1783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81071-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315416a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01289-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00735.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.6.2457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-6-418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00185-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.171025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01170-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00898-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00255-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4822-4826.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220272110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1312.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510319103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Khan et al. A monomorphic haplotype of chromosome Ia is associated with widespread success in clonal and nonclonal populations of Toxoplasma gondii. mBio 2(6):e00228-00211. (2011).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00228-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415926a"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1316841111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:44:03Z","timestamp":1649803443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1316841111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1316841111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1316841111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-04-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}