{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1793066656489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 50 states of the United States of America show great diversity in ecological and historical conditions, personality characteristics, and outcomes. Still, little insight exists that explains this variation. We argue that there is a common principle by which we can understand these differences: namely, that the states differ in tightness (many strongly enforced rules and little tolerance for deviance) versus looseness (few strongly enforced rules and greater tolerance for deviance). We develop a valid and reliable state-level tightness\u2013looseness index, provide state rankings, and show how tightness is related to ecological and man-made threats, personality characteristics, and state-level outcomes. Ultimately, this substantiates theory suggesting that tightness\u2013looseness is an adaptation to local environments and, therefore, is beneficial in understanding cultural variation across numerous levels of analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317937111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]],"date-time":"2014-05-19T22:36:03Z","timestamp":1400538963000},"page":"7990-7995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":507,"title":["Tightness\u2013looseness across the 50 united states"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jesse R.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele J.","family":"Gelfand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South","author":"Nisbett RE","year":"1996","unstructured":"RE Nisbett, D Cohen Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Westview, Boulder, CO, 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610395396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.2.279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212458125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America","author":"Woodard C","year":"2011","unstructured":"C Woodard American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America (Viking Penguin, New York, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"1991-1992 Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation\u2019s Environmental Health","author":"Hall B","year":"1991","unstructured":"B Hall, ML Kerr 1991-1992 Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation\u2019s Environmental Health (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11000021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (2011) Table 208. 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