{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:30:05Z","timestamp":1781109005796,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Humans help strangers even if the strangers will not directly help them in the future. The so-called indirect reciprocity seems to support large-scale cooperation in human society. We revealed functional and anatomical neural bases of two types of indirect reciprocity by combining group and neuroimaging experiments. Reputation-based indirect reciprocity activated the precuneus, a brain region associated with self-centered cognition. Indirect reciprocity occurring as a succession of pay-it-forward behaviors specifically recruited the anterior insula, a region related to affective empathy. Furthermore, task-irrelevant neural fingerprints of these brain regions are predictive of the individual\u2019s tendency of cooperation. These results in particular explain why we often conduct seemingly irrational cooperation such as pay-it-forward reciprocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318570111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T21:26:27Z","timestamp":1393881987000},"page":"3990-3995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Takamitsu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aPhysiology,"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Takezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yo","family":"Nakawake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kunimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Yamasue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aPhysiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2004.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2008.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Direct versus indirect reciprocity: An experiment","volume":"18","author":"Dufwenberg M","year":"2001","unstructured":"M Dufwenberg, U Gneezy, W Guth, Direct versus indirect reciprocity: An experiment. Homo Oeconomicus 18, 19\u201330 (2001).","journal-title":"Homo Oeconomicus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517900"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913149107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(89)90003-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00656.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008137107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00755-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211415698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki J Ochsner KN (2012) The neuroscience of empathy: Progress pitfalls and promise. Nat Neurosci 15(5):675\u2013680 and erratum (2013) 16:1907.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120709-145406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000173463.24758.f6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1155-31"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1869-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107038108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"Axelrod R (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books New York)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richerson PJ Boyd R (2005) Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution (Univ of Chicago Press Chicago IL).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226712130.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1318570111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T23:35:31Z","timestamp":1649806531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1318570111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1318570111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1318570111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}