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Inflammation is implicated in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer; however, sources of inflammation remain unidentified.\n                    <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a prevalent parasite that infects prostate epithelium and is associated with an increase in aggressive prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate that a secreted\n                    <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    protein homologous to human macrophage migration inhibitory factor elicits antibodies in infected individuals, increases prostate cell proliferation and invasiveness, and induces cellular pathways linked to inflammation. This study demonstrates that a specific parasite-derived protein can mimic its human homolog to increase inflammation and cell proliferation, which, in turn, may result in the promotion and progression of prostate cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321884111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]],"date-time":"2014-05-19T22:36:03Z","timestamp":1400538963000},"page":"8179-8184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces prostate cell growth, invasiveness, and inflammatory responses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Twu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Dess\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant C.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas-Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Chascom\u00fas, 1650 Chascom\u00fas, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Clubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute,"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-012-1216-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-008-0042-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802083707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections \u2013 2008 (WHO Geneva)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"430","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland","volume":"110","author":"Gardner WA","year":"1986","unstructured":"WA Gardner, DE Culberson, BD Bennett, Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland. 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