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We find that hepcidin increases during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection, early hepcidin predicts later plasma viral set-point, and hepcidin remains high even in chronically infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Conversely hepcidin is not induced, and blood iron is not decreased, during the acute response to HBV and HCV. Therefore, the nature of iron redistribution during the response to infections is a pathogen-specific phenomenon; furthermore, the deleterious effects of chronic infection on hepcidin and iron appear to be established early in infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402351111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T02:19:13Z","timestamp":1407205153000},"page":"12187-12192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Distinct patterns of hepcidin and iron regulation during HIV-1, HBV, and HCV infections"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Armitage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Stacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Giannoulatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Sturges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamaljit","family":"Chatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola M. 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