{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:34:51Z","timestamp":1789468491756,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Key physical relations between the famous Great Gallery rock art panel in Utah, stream deposits, and a rockfall that removed some art, allow us to disprove all but a late Archaic hypothesis for the age of this type section of the Barrier Canyon style. Use of a new luminescence profile technique on the same rockfall furthermore outlines a window of time A.D. \u223c1 to 1100 when the figures could have been painted, generally more recent than expected. Our study illustrates novel and widely applicable approaches for dating rock art that do not require destructive sampling, and results suggest that Barrier Canyon rock art persisted across the transition from the late Archaic into the agrarian Fremont culture in the American Southwest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405402111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T23:20:35Z","timestamp":1409008835000},"page":"12986-12991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Age of Barrier Canyon-style rock art constrained by cross-cutting relations and luminescence dating techniques"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Pederson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aGeology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Chapot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aGeology and"},{"name":"Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Sohbati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;"},{"name":"Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy M.","family":"Rittenour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aGeology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canyonlands National Park, Moab, UT 84532"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/348710a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/282347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1133","article-title":"The paleolithic paintings of the Chauvet cave in Vallon Pont d\u2019Arc (Ardeche, France); direct and indirect dating with the radiocarbon method","volume":"320","author":"Clottes J","year":"1995","unstructured":"J Clottes, et al., The paleolithic paintings of the Chauvet cave in Vallon Pont d\u2019Arc (Ardeche, France); direct and indirect dating with the radiocarbon method. CR Acad Sciences Paris 320, 1133\u20131140 (1995).","journal-title":"CR Acad Sciences Paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac802555g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/42690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118593109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00061986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/9\/302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-040610-133425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4487(00)00066-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2005.00224.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JB009383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"JH Gunnerson The Fremont Culture: A Study in Culture Dynamics on the Northern Anasazi Frontier . Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard Univ Press Cambridge MA) Vol 59 No 2. (1969)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"P Schaafsma The Rock Art of Utah: A Study from the Donald Scott Collection . Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard Univ Press Cambridge MA) Vol 65. (1971)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Legacy on Stone: Rock Art of the Colorado Plateau and Four Corners Region","author":"Cole SJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"SJ Cole Legacy on Stone: Rock Art of the Colorado Plateau and Four Corners Region (Johnson Books, Boulder, CO, 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"The Archaeology of Horseshoe Canyon","author":"Schaafsma P","year":"1994","unstructured":"P Schaafsma, Trance and transformation in the canyons: Shamanism and rock art on the Colorado Plateau. The Archaeology of Horseshoe Canyon (National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC), pp. 19\u201330 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7183\/0002-7316.75.4.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"A Preliminary Comparison of Colorado Plateau Archaic Rock Art: Barrier Canyon and the Esplanade Styles, American Indian Rock Art","author":"Dickey J","year":"2009","unstructured":"J Dickey, DD Christensen A Preliminary Comparison of Colorado Plateau Archaic Rock Art: Barrier Canyon and the Esplanade Styles, American Indian Rock Art, eds JD Keyser, D Kaiser, G Poetschat, MW Taylor (American Rock Art Research Association, Farmington, NM) Vol 35, 103\u2013120 (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"SJ Cole Origins continuities and meaning of Barrier Canyon style rock art. New Dimensions in Rock Art Studies Occasional Paper Series No 9 ed Matheny RT (Brigham Young University Provo UT). (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"The Archaeology of Horseshoe Canyon","author":"Tipps B","year":"1994","unstructured":"B Tipps, Barrier Canyon rock art dating. The Archaeology of Horseshoe Canyon (National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC), pp. 35\u201345 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"A Watchman Dating Barrier Canyon Style Rock Art Great Gallery Horseshoe Canyon Canyonlands National Park: Final Report to Canyonlands National Park . Available upon request at www.nps.gov\/cany\/parkmgmt\/staffandoffices.htm. (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00231940.1996.11758317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cowboy Cave revisited","volume":"7","author":"Schroedl AR","year":"1994","unstructured":"AR Schroedl, NJ Coulam, Cowboy Cave revisited. Utah Archaeology 7, 1\u201334 (1994).","journal-title":"Utah Archaeology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022322619699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200064183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"SJ Manning Barrier canyon style pictographs of the Colorado Plateau. Part one: Hypothesis and evidence for the existence of post circa A.D. 1300 panels. Utah Archaeology 3(1):43\u201384. (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"JL Pederson Chronostratigraphy and Geomorphology Constraining the Age of Barrier Canyon Style Rock Art in Horseshoe Canyon Utah: NPS Investigator Report . Available upon request at www.nps.gov\/cany\/parkmgmt\/staffandoffices.htm. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"JT Hack Erosion and Sedimentation in the Jeddito Valley and Other Valleys of the Western Navaho Country. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard Univ Press Cambridge MA) No 35 pp 45\u201369. (1942)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"RU Cooke RW Reeves Arroyos and Environmental Change (Clarendon Oxford) 213 pp. (1976)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1987)99<261:LHSSIC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Cowboy Cave, University of Utah Anthropological Paper 104","author":"Spaulding WG","year":"1980","unstructured":"WG Spaulding, KL Petersen, Late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoecology of Cowboy Cave. Cowboy Cave, University of Utah Anthropological Paper 104, ed JD Jennings (Univ of Utah Press, Salt Lake City), pp. 163\u2013177 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G24938A.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B25631.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G31575.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.262.5132.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"Ancient Peoples of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau","author":"Simms SR","year":"2008","unstructured":"SR Simms Ancient Peoples of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau (Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.26034\/la.atl.2011.443","article-title":"Dose-rate conversion factors: Update","volume":"29","author":"Gu\u00e9rin G","year":"2011","unstructured":"G Gu\u00e9rin, N Mercier, G Adamiec, Dose-rate conversion factors: Update. Ancient TL 29, 5\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"Ancient TL"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4487(99)00253-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3885.2008.00051.x"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1405402111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1746339515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1405402111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1405402111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1405402111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}