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Here, we demonstrate that mechanisms affecting the transcription, translation, and posttranslational modification of toxins also significantly contribute to the diversity of venom protein composition. Venom variation observed between related snake species is therefore the result of a complex interaction between a variety of genetic and postgenomic factors acting on toxin genes. Ultimately, this variation results in significant differences in venom-induced pathology and lethality and can undermine the efficacy of antivenom therapies used to treat human snakebite victims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405484111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T03:46:19Z","timestamp":1402371979000},"page":"9205-9210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":300,"title":["Medically important differences in snake venom composition are dictated by distinct postgenomic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Casewell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit and"},{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Wagstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren A. 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