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Some of those evolutionary changes were reliably attributed to Darwinian selection, but that selection was only transient, and many genetic changes were subsequently lost because they rendered the bacteria less fit (purifying selection). We interpret the history of Paratyphi A as reflecting drift rather than progressive evolution and suggest that most recent increases in frequencies of bacterial diseases are due to environmental changes rather than the novel evolution of pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411012111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T02:19:13Z","timestamp":1407205153000},"page":"12199-12204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Transient Darwinian selection in\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    serovar Paratyphi A during 450 years of global spread of enteric fever"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Zhemin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Bact\u00e9ries Pathog\u00e8nes Ent\u00e9riques, 75724 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Blin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satheesh","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salmonella Reference Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salmonella Reference Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; and"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Achtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002693","article-title":"Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man","volume":"8","author":"Moodley Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y Moodley, et al., Age of the association between Helicobacter pylori and man. 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