{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:27:08Z","timestamp":1791203228200,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Marijuana abusers show lower positive and higher negative emotionality scores than controls, which is consistent, on one hand, with lower reward sensitivity and motivation and, on the other hand, with increased stress reactivity and irritability. To investigate this aspect of marijuana\u2019s impact on the human brain, we compared the brain\u2019s reactivity in marijuana abusers vs. controls when challenged with methylphenidate (MP). We found that marijuana abusers display attenuated dopamine (DA) responses to MP, including reduced decreases in striatal distribution volumes. These deficits cannot be unambiguously ascribed to reduced DA release (because decreases in nondisplaceable binding potential were not blunted) but could reflect a downstream postsynaptic effect that in the ventral striatum (brain reward region) might contribute to marijuana\u2019s negative emotionality and addictive behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411228111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T01:15:59Z","timestamp":1405386959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Nora D.","family":"Volkow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene-Jack","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Telang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna S.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alexoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millard","family":"Jayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dardo","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20857;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00278-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01442-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2903550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.001203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1182","article-title":"SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge","volume":"36","author":"Laruelle M","year":"1995","unstructured":"M Laruelle, et al., SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge. J Nucl Med 36, 1182\u20131190 (1995).","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35115-8","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors","volume":"291","author":"Volkow ND","year":"1999","unstructured":"ND Volkow, et al., Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291, 409\u2013415 (1999).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110382465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111414090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386830a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3371-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000150882.69371.DD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00873-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890160402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000259147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(91)90083-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.2.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","first-page":"609","article-title":"Reproducibility of repeated measures of carbon-11-raclopride binding in the human brain","volume":"34","author":"Volkow ND","year":"1993","unstructured":"ND Volkow, et al., Reproducibility of repeated measures of carbon-11-raclopride binding in the human brain. J Nucl Med 34, 609\u2013613 (1993).","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.86"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1075-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05327.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.006882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1289-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35375-3","article-title":"D(2), but not D(1) dopamine receptor agonists potentiate cannabinoid-induced sedation in nonhuman primates","volume":"292","author":"Meschler JP","year":"2000","unstructured":"JP Meschler, FA Clarkson, PJ Mathews, AC Howlett, BK Madras, D(2), but not D(1) dopamine receptor agonists potentiate cannabinoid-induced sedation in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292, 952\u2013959 (2000).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00390-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.e365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"[Cannabis and cerebrovascular disease]","volume":"21","author":"Mateo I","year":"2006","unstructured":"I Mateo, J Infante, M G\u00f3mez Beldarrain, JC Garc\u00eda-Monc\u00f3, [Cannabis and cerebrovascular disease]. Neurologia 21, 204\u2013208, Spanish. (2006).","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.610915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200411000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(96)02817-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050155n"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-4106(92)90107-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4371-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1340-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49882.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.195503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199605000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055821"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1411228111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T16:19:00Z","timestamp":1746289140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1411228111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1411228111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1411228111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}