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Furthermore, we find that the acute modulation of pathway activity regulates the balance between epithelial and stromal elements, with inhibition causing suppression of desmoplasia and accelerated growth of epithelial elements and activation causing stromal hyperplasia and reduced growth of the neoplastic epithelium. Our study explains previous clinical trial results and suggests the possibility of novel types of therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411679111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T01:15:59Z","timestamp":1405386959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":460,"title":["Stromal response to Hedgehog signaling restrains pancreatic cancer progression"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,"},{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushika M.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai-Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X. 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