{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:47:19Z","timestamp":1791942439516,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"52","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":211,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Division of Intramural Research of the NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI000796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI000796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The plague bacillus\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is transmitted by fleas but evolved very recently from\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a closely related food- and water-borne enteric pathogen. Identifying the specific genetic changes underlying the switch to arthropod-borne transmission is essential to understanding the evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the emergence of plague. We have identified an important early step in this process. The urease enzyme, beneficial for an enteric bacterium, causes acute oral toxicity and significant mortality to fleas.\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not toxic to fleas because of a loss-of-function mutation in one of the genes essential for urease activity. Epidemiologic modeling suggests that this mutation was positively selected during evolution because it resulted in a significantly higher probability of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413209111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1417476747000},"page":"18709-18714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Silencing urease: A key evolutionary step that facilitated the adaptation of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    to the flea-borne transmission route"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Iman","family":"Chouikha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Joseph","family":"Hinnebusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408026101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404012101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205750110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509544103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.10.2749-2752.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"Observations on the mechanism of the tranmission of plague by fleas","volume":"13","author":"Bacot AW","year":"1914","unstructured":"AW Bacot, CJ Martin, Observations on the mechanism of the tranmission of plague by fleas. 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