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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Androgen is essential for the masculinization of external genitalia such as the organ size and the male-type urethra in mammals. However, the genes downstream of androgen, which are responsible for these masculinization processes, have not been identified. Here, we show v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (\n                    <jats:italic>Mafb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as an essential masculinization gene for embryonic urethral formation.\n                    <jats:italic>Mafb<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression is prominent in developing male external genitalia, driving masculinization of embryonic urethral formation in an androgen-dependent manner. External genitalia of\n                    <jats:italic>Mafb<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO males exhibit urethral defects, giving insight into human hypospadias. The current findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Mafb<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a crucial mediator of urethral masculinization and is a possible new candidate gene for hypospadias derived from embryonic abnormalities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413273111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T05:11:19Z","timestamp":1414818679000},"page":"16407-16412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Sexually dimorphic expression of\n                    <i>Mafb<\/i>\n                    regulates masculinization of the embryonic urethral formation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Numata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Diana","family":"Raga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lerrie Ann","family":"Ipulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikako","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michito","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; 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