{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:29:43Z","timestamp":1791343783671,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41302003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS1240626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS1240626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013CB835000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB835000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KZZD-EW-02-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZZD-EW-02-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Phylogenomic extrapolations indicate the last common ancestor of sponges and eumetazoans existed deep in the Cryogenian, perhaps 200 million years (Myr) before the Cambrian (541 Ma). This inference implies a long Precambrian history of animals phylogenetically allied with sponges. However, there is yet little unequivocal paleontological evidence of Precambrian sponges. Here, we present a newly discovered 600-Myr-old fossil preserved at cellular resolution, displaying multiple poriferan features. The animal was covered with a dense layer of flattened cells resembling sponge pinacocytes, displaying a hollow tubular structure with apparent water inflow and outflow orifices. Although requiring additional specimens of similar form for confirmation, this finding is consistent with phylogenomic inference, and implies the presence of eumetazoan ancestors by 60 Myr before the Cambrian.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414577112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T22:42:15Z","timestamp":1425940935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Sponge grade body fossil with cellular resolution dating 60 Myr before the Cambrian"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric H.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Bottjer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangchen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Tafforeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Cambrian Explosion","author":"Erwin D","year":"2012","unstructured":"D Erwin, J Valentine The Cambrian Explosion (Roberts and Company Publishers, Greenwood Village, CO, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12030","article-title":"Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers","volume":"56","author":"Antcliffe J","year":"2013","unstructured":"J Antcliffe, Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers. Paleontology 56, 917\u2013925 (2013).","journal-title":"Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajs.v108i1\/2.658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2010.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/12-157R"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.91.2.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"The Dawn of Animal World","author":"Chen J","year":"2004","unstructured":"J Chen The Dawn of Animal World (Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanjing, China, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125964"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904805106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2009.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2011.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250491697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2012.00562.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"308","article-title":"Affinity, distribution and stratigraphic significance of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China","volume":"49","author":"Liu P","year":"2010","unstructured":"P Liu, C Yin, S Chen, F Tang, LZ Gao, Affinity, distribution and stratigraphic significance of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China. 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