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They are highly expressed in immature thymocytes and thereby become a natural intrinsic barrier for HTLV-1 replication in the thymus. However, their expression can be down-regulated by Tax, as well as by activation and differentiation of T cells. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of how HTLV-1 induces T-cell malignancies in the periphery but never in the thymus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419198112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T23:18:45Z","timestamp":1422919125000},"page":"2216-2221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["TCF1 and LEF1 act as T-cell intrinsic HTLV-1 antagonists by targeting Tax"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Guangyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-ichirou","family":"Yasunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; 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