{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:56:35Z","timestamp":1781103395722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lyme borreliosis, or Lyme disease (LD), is a tick-borne zoonotic infection of biomedical significance, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\n                    (s.l.) spirochetes and transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    species ticks. It usually circulates among wildlife vertebrate reservoirs and vector ticks but may infect humans, causing multisystem problems. In far western and northern North America, the host reservoirs, tick vectors, and genospecies of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    are well known but not so in the southern U.S., where there is controversy as to the presence of \u201ctrue\u201d LD. Here we report the presence of the LD spirochete\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                    (s.s.) and\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia bissettii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , three main reservoir hosts, and two enzootic tick vectors in the southeastern U.S. The two enzootic tick vectors,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes affinis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes minor<\/jats:italic>\n                    , rarely bite humans but are more important than the human biting \u201cbridge\u201d vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in maintaining the enzootic spirochete cycle in nature. We also report extraordinary longevities and infections in the reservoir rodents\n                    <jats:italic>Peromyscus gossypinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Sigmodon hispidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Neotoma floridana<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1434553100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T15:44:34Z","timestamp":1065023074000},"page":"11642-11645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["An enzootic transmission cycle of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J. H.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. L.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. W.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Durden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"F. W.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology and Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80525; and Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","first-page":"29","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002) Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51, 29\u201331.","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80124-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.36.010191.003103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.92"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piesman J. (2002) in Lyme Borreliosis: Biology Epidemiology and Control eds. Gray J. S. Kahl O. Lane R. S. & Stanek G. (CABI Oxon U.K.) pp. 223\u2013249.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"409","volume":"2","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jaenson, T. G. T. & T\u00e4lleklint, L. (1999) in Acarology IX Symposia, eds. Needham, G. R., Mitchell, R., Horn, D. J. & Welbourn, W. C. (Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus), Vol. 2, pp. 409\u2013414.","journal-title":"Acarology IX Symposia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2500-2507.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2572-2583.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.15.7371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"89","volume":"23","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clark, K. L., Oliver, J. H., Jr., Mckechnie, D. B. & Williams, D. C. (1998) J. Vect. Ecol. 23, 89\u2013105.","journal-title":"J. Vect. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"374","volume":"83","year":"1997","unstructured":"Durden, L. A., Banks, C. W., Clark, K. L., Belbey, B. V. & Oliver, J. H., Jr. (1997) J. Parasitol. 83, 374\u2013381.9194815","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"222","volume":"25","year":"2000","unstructured":"Durden, L. A., Hu, R., Oliver, J. H., Jr., & Cilek, J. E. (2000) J. Vect. Ecol. 25, 222\u2013228.","journal-title":"J. Vect. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.120-124.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Swofford D. L. (2002) paup *: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods) (Sinauer Sunderland MA) Ver. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.5.774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"1","volume":"158","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cameron, G. N. & Spencer, S. R. (1981) Mamm. Species 158, 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"1","volume":"139","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wiley, R. W. (1980) Mamm. Species 139, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1","volume":"70","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wolfe, J. L. & Linzey, A. V. (1977) Mamm. Species 70, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01717456"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1434553100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:36:06Z","timestamp":1650922566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1434553100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,19]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1434553100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1434553100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-09-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}