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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mammalian females must selectively allow sperm with normal morphology and motility to ascend the reproductive tract while rejecting invasion of pathogens. By using microfluidic modeling, we revealed that microgrooves and gentle fluid flows, two major biophysical characteristics of the female tract, synergistically provide preferential pathways for sperm. In contrast, the sexually transmitted pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is swept away from these pathways. These findings are not only valuable to dairy and beef industries for maximizing fertility and suppressing disease, but also to human medicine, because the morphology and movement of bull sperm closely resemble those of human sperm, and\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    closely resembles\n                    <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which infects 170 million people annually worldwide.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500541112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T22:41:48Z","timestamp":1428964908000},"page":"5431-5436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Microgrooves and fluid flows provide preferential passageways for sperm over pathogen\n                    <i>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Chih-kuan","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological and Environmental Engineering,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, and"},{"name":"Family Planning Research Institute, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa G.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiological and Environmental Engineering,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Ardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillon G.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; 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