{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:38:33Z","timestamp":1790645913926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]],"date-time":"2015-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1095868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1095868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a major parasitic disease on the Indian subcontinent, with 85% of the disease incidence in India. As with malaria, indoor residual spraying (IRS) can be used to control and, ultimately, eliminate VL as a public health problem. However, in India, widespread resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), the insecticide used, combined with poor quality assurance (QA) of IRS and limited entomological surveillance, is hindering the VL elimination effort. Here, we present entomological abundance and insecticide resistance data and data arising from QA of IRS to explore these issues and establish an evidence base for improving the Indian VL elimination program. Unless these issues are addressed, the South Asian VL elimination effort will fail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]],"date-time":"2015-06-29T22:55:30Z","timestamp":1435618530000},"page":"8573-8578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Coleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine M.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinki","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudra","family":"Pratap Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sadikpur, Patna, Bihar 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanafy M.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pushkar","family":"Shivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sadikpur, Patna, Bihar 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan Kumar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sadikpur, Patna, Bihar 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Dunkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sadikpur, Patna, Bihar 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlize","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J. I.","family":"Paine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sadikpur, Patna, Bihar 800007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia?","volume":"45","author":"Joshi A","year":"2008","unstructured":"A Joshi, , Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia? J Vector Borne Dis 45, 105\u2013111 (2008).","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.072322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.129143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"331","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): Challenges ahead","volume":"123","author":"Singh RK","year":"2006","unstructured":"RK Singh, HP Pandey, S Sundar, Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): Challenges ahead. Indian J Med Res 123, 331\u2013344 (2006).","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"488","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: Pipe-dreams and possibilities","volume":"4","author":"Joshi AB","year":"2006","unstructured":"AB Joshi, , Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: Pipe-dreams and possibilities. 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J Commun Dis 26, 56\u201358 (1994).","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Impact of DDT indoor residual spraying on Phlebotomus argentipes in a kala-azar endemic village in eastern Uttar Pradesh","volume":"72","author":"Kaul SM","year":"1994","unstructured":"SM Kaul, RS Sharma, KP Dey, RN Rai, T Verghese, Impact of DDT indoor residual spraying on Phlebotomus argentipes in a kala-azar endemic village in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Bull World Health Organ 72, 79\u201381 (1994).","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effect of DDT on Phlebotomus sandflies in Kala-Azar endemic foci in West Bengal","volume":"28","author":"Mukhopadhyay AK","year":"1996","unstructured":"AK Mukhopadhyay, AK Hati, S Chakraborty, NB Saxena, Effect of DDT on Phlebotomus sandflies in Kala-Azar endemic foci in West Bengal. J Commun Dis 28, 171\u2013175 (1996).","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-54"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12899838683124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/876742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-Azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015)","author":"WHO","year":"2005","unstructured":"; WHO Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-Azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015) (WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME09175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"Report on the First Meeting Manesar, Haryana, December 20\u201323, 2004","author":"Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-azar Elimination","year":"2005","unstructured":"; Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-azar Elimination Report on the First Meeting Manesar, Haryana, December 20\u201323, 2004 (WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/TDR.10.978-924-1500371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.141766","article-title":"A note on the insecticide susceptibility status of principal malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies in four states of India","volume":"51","author":"Raghavendra K","year":"2014","unstructured":"K Raghavendra, , A note on the insecticide susceptibility status of principal malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies in four states of India. 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Indian J Med Res 129, 102\u2013104 (2009).","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"A new strategy for elimination of kala-azar from rural Bihar","volume":"126","author":"Thakur CP","year":"2007","unstructured":"CP Thakur, A new strategy for elimination of kala-azar from rural Bihar. Indian J Med Res 126, 447\u2013451 (2007).","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"12","author":"Bora D","year":"1999","unstructured":"D Bora, Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12, 62\u201368 (1999).","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","volume-title":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: Joint Monitoring Mission Report","author":"NVBDCP","year":"2007","unstructured":"; NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: Joint Monitoring Mission Report (NVBDCP, Delhi, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare","author":"NVBDCP","year":"2014","unstructured":"; NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (NVBDCP, Delhi, 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region India","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"; WHO Regional Strategic Framework for Elimination of Kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region India (WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","volume-title":"DDT Information System","author":"UNEP","year":"2009","unstructured":"; UNEP DDT Information System (United Nations, Stockholm, 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"Test Procedures for Insecticide Resistance Monitoring in Malaria Vectors, Bio-Efficacy and Persistence of Insecticides on Treated Surfaces","author":"WHO","year":"1998","unstructured":"; WHO Test Procedures for Insecticide Resistance Monitoring in Malaria Vectors, Bio-Efficacy and Persistence of Insecticides on Treated Surfaces (WHO, Geneva, 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Observations on susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in district South 24-Parganas, West Bengal","volume":"27","author":"Basak B","year":"1995","unstructured":"B Basak, N Tandon, Observations on susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in district South 24-Parganas, West Bengal. 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