{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:23:13Z","timestamp":1793161393518,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG024361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG024361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AG040629-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AG040629-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AG05842-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG05842-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","award":["P30 AG024928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG024928"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Midlife increases in suicides and drug poisonings have been previously noted. However, that these upward trends were persistent and large enough to drive up all-cause midlife mortality has, to our knowledge, been overlooked. If the white mortality rate for ages 45\u221254 had held at their 1998 value, 96,000 deaths would have been avoided from 1999\u20132013, 7,000 in 2013 alone. If it had continued to decline at its previous (1979\u20121998) rate, half a million deaths would have been avoided in the period 1999\u20122013, comparable to lives lost in the US AIDS epidemic through mid-2015. Concurrent declines in self-reported health, mental health, and ability to work, increased reports of pain, and deteriorating measures of liver function all point to increasing midlife distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T20:40:47Z","timestamp":1446496847000},"page":"15078-15083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2132,"title":["Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Case","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"Deaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.3.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality","author":"Deaton A","year":"2013","unstructured":"A Deaton The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"659","article-title":"Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality","volume":"87","author":"Lee RD","year":"1992","unstructured":"RD Lee, LR Carter, Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality. J Am Stat Assoc 87, 659\u2013671 (1992).","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa053935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America\u2019s Health Care System","author":"Cutler DM","year":"2005","unstructured":"DM Cutler Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America\u2019s Health Care System (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111152298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131201698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2007.0026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2007.00513.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55\u221264","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2015","unstructured":"; National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55\u221264 (U.S. Gov Printing Off, Washington, DC, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.1970.10406109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1011512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Risk Factors for Suicide: Summary of a Workshop","author":"Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health","year":"2001","unstructured":"; Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health Risk Factors for Suicide: Summary of a Workshop, ed SK Goldsmith (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC, 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2001","unstructured":"; Institute of Medicine Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative, eds SK Goldsmith, TC Pellmar, AM Kleinman, WE Bunney (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC, 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers and other drugs among women\u2014United States, 1999\u22122010","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013","unstructured":"; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers and other drugs among women\u2014United States, 1999\u22122010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62, 537\u2013542 (2013).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Policy Impact, Prescription Painkiller Overdoses","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2011","unstructured":"; Centers for Disease Control Policy Impact, Prescription Painkiller Overdoses (Centers Dis Control, Atlanta, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Dreamland: the True Tale of America\u2019s Opiate Epidemic","author":"Quinones S","year":"2015","unstructured":"S Quinones Dreamland: the True Tale of America\u2019s Opiate Epidemic (Bloomsbury Press, New York, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra025411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01131.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.785373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries","author":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development","year":"2008","unstructured":"; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries (Org Econ Coop Dev, Paris, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Social Security Administration (2015) Research statistics and policy analysis. Available at www.ssa.gov\/policy\/docs\/statcomps\/. Accessed September 13 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.20.3.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"S Braun J Coglianese J Furman B Stevenson J Stock Understanding the decline in the labor force participation rate in the United States. Available at www.voxeu.org\/article\/decline-labour-force-participation-us. Accessed June 21 2015. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"B Meier Tightening the lid on pain prescriptions. NY Times Section A p 1. (April 9 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","unstructured":"BL Rostron JL Boies E Arias Education Reporting and Classification on Death Certificates in the United States . Vital and Health Statistics (Natl Cent Health Stat. Atlanta) Ser 151 Vol 2. (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Mayo Medical Clinic (2015) Test ID: AST. Available at www.mayomedicallaboratories.com\/test-catalog\/Clinical+and+Interpretive\/8360 www.mayomedicallaboratories.com\/test-catalog\/Clinical+and+Interpretive\/8362. Accessed August 17 2015."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T01:50:01Z","timestamp":1649814601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1518393112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725940664.793520684","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}