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This is especially true in insects, which are associated with diverse maternally transmitted endosymbionts that can protect against parasites and pathogens. Here, we find that\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014a defensive endosymbiont that protects\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    during parasitism by a virulent and common nematode\u2014encodes a protein toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) related to bacterial virulence factors such as the Shiga-like toxins in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We further find that nematode ribosomal RNA suffers depurination consistent with attack by a RIP when the host is protected by\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting a mechanism through which symbiotic microbes may protect their hosts from disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518648113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1451342041000},"page":"350-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["A ribosome-inactivating protein in a\n                    <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n                    defensive symbiont"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Phineas T.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangni","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J.","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2;"},{"name":"Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611659104","article-title":"Symbiosis as an adaptive process and source of phenotypic complexity","volume":"104","author":"Moran NA","year":"2007","unstructured":"NA Moran, Symbiosis as an adaptive process and source of phenotypic complexity. 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