{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:25:36Z","timestamp":1791311136275,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/preview_site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["418540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["418540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Snails serve as hosts for the larval development of many medically and agriculturally important parasitic flatworms, including schistosomes, blood flukes that collectively infect more than 260 million people globally. Here, we functionally characterize a granulin-like snail growth factor that drives the development of snail immune cells, thereby making a schistosome-susceptible snail resistant to infection. This study presents the functional characterization of an endogenous gastropod growth factor as well as demonstrated reversal of a susceptible snail phenotype toward resistance using a defined snail factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521239113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T00:24:39Z","timestamp":1461630279000},"page":"5305-5310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Endogenous growth factor stimulation of hemocyte proliferation induces resistance to\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    challenge in the snail host"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Pila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Gordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie K.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alethe L.","family":"Kabore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney P.","family":"Rudko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Hanington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2G7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003216","article-title":"Biomphalysin, a new \u03b2 pore-forming toxin involved in Biomphalaria glabrata immune defense against Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"9","author":"Galinier R","year":"2013","unstructured":"R Galinier, , Biomphalysin, a new \u03b2 pore-forming toxin involved in Biomphalaria glabrata immune defense against Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 9, e1003216 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011242107","article-title":"Role for a somatically diversified lectin in resistance of an invertebrate to parasite infection","volume":"107","author":"Hanington PC","year":"2010","unstructured":"PC Hanington, , Role for a somatically diversified lectin in resistance of an invertebrate to parasite infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 21087\u201321092 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000813","article-title":"A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host\/parasite model","volume":"4","author":"Mon\u00e9 Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y Mon\u00e9, , A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host\/parasite model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4, e813 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001115","article-title":"Involvement of the cytokine MIF in the snail host immune response to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"6","author":"Baeza Garcia A","year":"2010","unstructured":"A Baeza Garcia, , Involvement of the cytokine MIF in the snail host immune response to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 6, e1001115 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.11.004","article-title":"Resistance of Biomphalaria glabrata 13-16-R1 snails to Schistosoma mansoni PR1 is a function of haemocyte abundance and constitutive levels of specific transcripts in haemocytes","volume":"44","author":"Larson MK","year":"2014","unstructured":"MK Larson, RC Bender, CJ Bayne, Resistance of Biomphalaria glabrata 13-16-R1 snails to Schistosoma mansoni PR1 is a function of haemocyte abundance and constitutive levels of specific transcripts in haemocytes. Int J Parasitol 44, 343\u2013353 (2014).","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-305X(83)90003-4","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the amebocyte-producing organ in Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"7","author":"Jeong KH","year":"1983","unstructured":"KH Jeong, KJ Lie, D Heyneman, The ultrastructure of the amebocyte-producing organ in Biomphalaria glabrata. Dev Comp Immunol 7, 217\u2013228 (1983).","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3266","article-title":"Mitotic responses to extracts of miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"90","author":"Sullivan JT","year":"2004","unstructured":"JT Sullivan, SS Pikios, AQ Alonzo, Mitotic responses to extracts of miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata. J Parasitol 90, 92\u201396 (2004).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2307\/3283654","article-title":"Effects of excretory-secretory products of Echinostoma paraensei larvae on the hematopoietic organ of M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails","volume":"78","author":"Noda S","year":"1992","unstructured":"S Noda, Effects of excretory-secretory products of Echinostoma paraensei larvae on the hematopoietic organ of M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails. J Parasitol 78, 512\u2013517 (1992).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/3279288","article-title":"Studies on resistance in snails. 4. Induction of ventricular capsules and changes in the amebocyte-producing organ during sensitization of Biomphalaria glabrata snails","volume":"62","author":"Lie JK","year":"1976","unstructured":"JK Lie, D Heyneman, KH Jeong, Studies on resistance in snails. 4. Induction of ventricular capsules and changes in the amebocyte-producing organ during sensitization of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. J Parasitol 62, 286\u2013291 (1976).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Role of cellular and humoral components in the encapsulation response of Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in vitro","volume":"157","author":"LoVerde PT","year":"1984","unstructured":"PT LoVerde, N Shoulberg, J Gherson, Role of cellular and humoral components in the encapsulation response of Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in vitro. Prog Clin Biol Res 157, 17\u201329 (1984).","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.09.001","article-title":"Regulation of hydrogen peroxide release in circulating hemocytes of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"32","author":"Humphries JE","year":"2008","unstructured":"JE Humphries, TP Yoshino, Regulation of hydrogen peroxide release in circulating hemocytes of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Dev Comp Immunol 32, 554\u2013562 (2008).","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.12.005","article-title":"Time series analysis of the transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria glabrata throughout the course of intramolluscan development of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei","volume":"40","author":"Hanington PC","year":"2010","unstructured":"PC Hanington, CM Lun, CM Adema, ES Loker, Time series analysis of the transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria glabrata throughout the course of intramolluscan development of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei. Int J Parasitol 40, 819\u2013831 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"5331","article-title":"Biological activities and signaling pathways of the granulin\/epithelin precursor","volume":"59","author":"Zanocco-Marani T","year":"1999","unstructured":"T Zanocco-Marani, , Biological activities and signaling pathways of the granulin\/epithelin precursor. Cancer Res 59, 5331\u20135340 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-003-0474-3","article-title":"Progranulin (granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell-derived growth factor, acrogranin) mediates tissue repair and tumorigenesis","volume":"81","author":"He Z","year":"2003","unstructured":"Z He, A Bateman, Progranulin (granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell-derived growth factor, acrogranin) mediates tissue repair and tumorigenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 81, 600\u2013612 (2003).","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Progranulin (granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell derived growth factor, acrogranin) in proliferation and tumorigenesis","volume":"18","author":"Ong CH","year":"2003","unstructured":"CH Ong, A Bateman, Progranulin (granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell derived growth factor, acrogranin) in proliferation and tumorigenesis. Histol Histopathol 18, 1275\u20131288 (2003).","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01141-8","article-title":"Conversion of proepithelin to epithelins: Roles of SLPI and elastase in host defense and wound repair","volume":"111","author":"Zhu J","year":"2002","unstructured":"J Zhu, , Conversion of proepithelin to epithelins: Roles of SLPI and elastase in host defense and wound repair. Cell 111, 867\u2013878 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2307\/3283993","article-title":"Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in Biomphalaria glabrata implanted with amoebocyte-producing organ allografts from resistant snails","volume":"81","author":"Sullivan JT","year":"1995","unstructured":"JT Sullivan, JV Spence, JK Nu\u00f1ez, Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in Biomphalaria glabrata implanted with amoebocyte-producing organ allografts from resistant snails. J Parasitol 81, 829\u2013833 (1995).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005513","article-title":"A novel Toll-like receptor (TLR) influences compatibility between the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, and the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"12","author":"Pila EA","year":"2016","unstructured":"EA Pila, M Tarrabain, AL Kabore, PC Hanington, A novel Toll-like receptor (TLR) influences compatibility between the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, and the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 12, e1005513 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.05.014","article-title":"Disruption of ERK signalling in Biomphalaria glabrata defence cells by Schistosoma mansoni: Implications for parasite survival in the snail host","volume":"32","author":"Zahoor Z","year":"2008","unstructured":"Z Zahoor, AJ Davies, RS Kirk, D Rollinson, AJ Walker, Disruption of ERK signalling in Biomphalaria glabrata defence cells by Schistosoma mansoni: Implications for parasite survival in the snail host. Dev Comp Immunol 32, 1561\u20131571 (2008).","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002733","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases","volume":"62","author":"Korkmaz B","year":"2010","unstructured":"B Korkmaz, MS Horwitz, DE Jenne, F Gauthier, Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 62, 726\u2013759 (2010).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035115","article-title":"Regulation of progranulin expression in human microglia and proteolysis of progranulin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12)","volume":"7","author":"Suh HS","year":"2012","unstructured":"HS Suh, N Choi, L Tarassishin, SC Lee, Regulation of progranulin expression in human microglia and proteolysis of progranulin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12). PLoS One 7, e35115 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021023","article-title":"C-terminus of progranulin interacts with the beta-propeller region of sortilin to regulate progranulin trafficking","volume":"6","author":"Zheng Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Y Zheng, OA Brady, PS Meng, Y Mao, F Hu, C-terminus of progranulin interacts with the beta-propeller region of sortilin to regulate progranulin trafficking. PLoS One 6, e21023 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.09.024","article-title":"Progranulin directly binds to the CRD2 and CRD3 of TNFR extracellular domains","volume":"587","author":"Jian J","year":"2013","unstructured":"J Jian, , Progranulin directly binds to the CRD2 and CRD3 of TNFR extracellular domains. FEBS Lett 587, 3428\u20133436 (2013).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5336-12.2013","article-title":"Progranulin does not bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and is not a direct regulator of TNF-dependent signaling or bioactivity in immune or neuronal cells","volume":"33","author":"Chen X","year":"2013","unstructured":"X Chen, , Progranulin does not bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and is not a direct regulator of TNF-dependent signaling or bioactivity in immune or neuronal cells. J Neurosci 33, 9202\u20139213 (2013).","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.04.001","article-title":"Special delivery: Granulin brings CpG DNA to Toll-like receptor 9","volume":"34","author":"Moresco EM","year":"2011","unstructured":"EM Moresco, B Beutler, Special delivery: Granulin brings CpG DNA to Toll-like receptor 9. Immunity 34, 453\u2013455 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.05.017","article-title":"Identification and characterization of five transcription factors that are associated with evolutionarily conserved immune signaling pathways in the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"48","author":"Zhang SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"SM Zhang, KA Coultas, Identification and characterization of five transcription factors that are associated with evolutionarily conserved immune signaling pathways in the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Mol Immunol 48, 1868\u20131881 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7103","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0633","article-title":"Proepithelin promotes migration and invasion of 5637 bladder cancer cells through the activation of ERK1\/2 and the formation of a paxillin\/FAK\/ERK complex","volume":"66","author":"Monami G","year":"2006","unstructured":"G Monami, , Proepithelin promotes migration and invasion of 5637 bladder cancer cells through the activation of ERK1\/2 and the formation of a paxillin\/FAK\/ERK complex. Cancer Res 66, 7103\u20137110 (2006).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900086","article-title":"The granulin gene family: From cancer to dementia","volume":"31","author":"Bateman A","year":"2009","unstructured":"A Bateman, HP Bennett, The granulin gene family: From cancer to dementia. BioEssays 31, 1245\u20131254 (2009).","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98340-7","article-title":"Isolation and primary structure of the three major forms of granulin-like peptides from hematopoietic tissues of a teleost fish (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"268","author":"Belcourt DR","year":"1993","unstructured":"DR Belcourt, C Lazure, HP Bennett, Isolation and primary structure of the three major forms of granulin-like peptides from hematopoietic tissues of a teleost fish (Cyprinus carpio). J Biol Chem 268, 9230\u20139237 (1993).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.1.94","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of granulin-1 to mononuclear phagocytic cells of the teleost fish Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus","volume":"57","author":"Belcourt DR","year":"1995","unstructured":"DR Belcourt, Y Okawara, JN Fryer, HP Bennett, Immunocytochemical localization of granulin-1 to mononuclear phagocytic cells of the teleost fish Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus. J Leukoc Biol 57, 94\u2013100 (1995).","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9963","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600631200","article-title":"A novel hematopoietic granulin induces proliferation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophages","volume":"281","author":"Hanington PC","year":"2006","unstructured":"PC Hanington, DR Barreda, M Belosevic, A novel hematopoietic granulin induces proliferation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophages. J Biol Chem 281, 9963\u20139970 (2006).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000611","article-title":"A granulin-like growth factor secreted by the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, promotes proliferation of host cells","volume":"5","author":"Smout MJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"MJ Smout, , A granulin-like growth factor secreted by the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, promotes proliferation of host cells. PLoS Pathog 5, e1000611 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.11.004","article-title":"Suppression of Ov-grn-1 encoding granulin of Opisthorchis viverrini inhibits proliferation of biliary epithelial cells","volume":"148","author":"Papatpremsiri A","year":"2015","unstructured":"A Papatpremsiri, , Suppression of Ov-grn-1 encoding granulin of Opisthorchis viverrini inhibits proliferation of biliary epithelial cells. Exp Parasitol 148, 17\u201323 (2015).","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(79)90149-6","article-title":"Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"33","author":"Stibbs HH","year":"1979","unstructured":"HH Stibbs, A Owczarzak, CJ Bayne, P DeWan, Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. J Invertebr Pathol 33, 159\u2013170 (1979).","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL Hansen A cell line from embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata): Establishment and characteristics. Invertebrate Tissue Culture: Research Applications 1-393 (Academic New York) pp 75\u201399. (1976).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-470270-7.50011-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2012-0258","article-title":"Molluscan cells in culture: Primary cell cultures and cell lines","volume":"91","author":"Yoshino TP","year":"2013","unstructured":"TP Yoshino, U Bickham, CJ Bayne, Molluscan cells in culture: Primary cell cultures and cell lines. Can J Zool 91, 391\u2013404 (2013).","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.10.019","article-title":"Differential transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei (Digenea, Platyhelminthes)","volume":"47","author":"Adema CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"CM Adema, , Differential transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei (Digenea, Platyhelminthes). Mol Immunol 47, 849\u2013860 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Experiments and Techniques in Parasitology","author":"Ulmer MJ","year":"1970","unstructured":"MJ Ulmer, Notes on rearing of snails in the laboratory. Experiments and Techniques in Parasitology (W. H. Freeman., San Francisco), pp. 143\u2013144 (1970)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1701","article-title":"SignalP 4.0: Discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions","volume":"8","author":"Petersen TN","year":"2011","unstructured":"TN Petersen, S Brunak, G von Heijne, H Nielsen, SignalP 4.0: Discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nat Methods 8, 785\u2013786 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3903","article-title":"Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence","volume":"300","author":"Emanuelsson O","year":"2000","unstructured":"O Emanuelsson, H Nielsen, S Brunak, G von Heijne, Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence. J Mol Biol 300, 1005\u20131016 (2000).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/10.1.1","article-title":"Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites","volume":"10","author":"Nielsen H","year":"1997","unstructured":"H Nielsen, J Engelbrecht, S Brunak, G von Heijne, Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites. Protein Eng 10, 1\u20136 (1997).","journal-title":"Protein Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W429","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm256","article-title":"Advantages of combined transmembrane topology and signal peptide prediction\u2013the Phobius web server","volume":"35","author":"Kall L","year":"2007","unstructured":"L Kall, A Krogh, EL Sonnhammer, Advantages of combined transmembrane topology and signal peptide prediction\u2013the Phobius web server. Nucleic Acids Res 35, W429\u2013432 (2007).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D222","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1223","article-title":"Pfam: The protein families database","volume":"42","author":"Finn RD","year":"2014","unstructured":"RD Finn, , Pfam: The protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 42, D222\u2013D230 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh468","article-title":"Protein structure prediction and analysis using the Robetta server","volume":"32","author":"Kim DE","year":"2004","unstructured":"DE Kim, D Chivian, D Baker, Protein structure prediction and analysis using the Robetta server. Nucleic Acids Res 32, W526\u2013531 (2004).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.235","article-title":"The Protein Data Bank","volume":"28","author":"Berman HM","year":"2000","unstructured":"HM Berman, , The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res 28, 235\u2013242 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00078-1","article-title":"Using RNA interference to manipulate endogenous gene expression in Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts","volume":"128","author":"Boyle JP","year":"2003","unstructured":"JP Boyle, XJ Wu, CB Shoemaker, TP Yoshino, Using RNA interference to manipulate endogenous gene expression in Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 128, 205\u2013215 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.54.5.379","article-title":"NADPH-oxidase activity: The probable source of reactive oxygen intermediate generation in hemocytes of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"54","author":"Adema CM","year":"1993","unstructured":"CM Adema, EC van Deutekom-Mulder, WP van der Knaap, T Sminia, NADPH-oxidase activity: The probable source of reactive oxygen intermediate generation in hemocytes of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. J Leukoc Biol 54, 379\u2013383 (1993).","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051650104","article-title":"A comparative morphological and enzyme histochemical-study on blood-cells of the fresh-water snails Lymnaea-stagnalis, Biomphalaria-glabrata, and Bulinus-truncatus","volume":"165","author":"Sminia T","year":"1980","unstructured":"T Sminia, L Barendsen, A comparative morphological and enzyme histochemical-study on blood-cells of the fresh-water snails Lymnaea-stagnalis, Biomphalaria-glabrata, and Bulinus-truncatus. J Morphol 165, 31\u201339 (1980).","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2307\/3275797","article-title":"Observations on hearts explanted in vitro from the snail Australorbis glabratus","volume":"49","author":"Chernin E","year":"1963","unstructured":"E Chernin, Observations on hearts explanted in vitro from the snail Australorbis glabratus. J Parasitol 49, 353\u2013364 (1963).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1521239113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1521239113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T09:59:05Z","timestamp":1654595945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1521239113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1521239113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1521239113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}