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After many false claims resulting from various artifacts, most scientists abandoned the search, but the Gallo laboratory carried on, developing both specific assays and new cell culture methods that enabled them to report, in the accompanying 1980 PNAS paper, identification and partial characterization of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV; now known as HTLV-1) produced by a T-cell line from a lymphoma patient. Follow-up studies, including collaboration with the group that first identified a cluster of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cases in Japan, provided conclusive evidence that HTLV was the cause of this disease. HTLV-1 is now known to infect at least 4\u201310 million people worldwide, about 5% of whom will develop ATL. Despite intensive research, knowledge of the viral etiology has not led to improvement in treatment or outcome of ATL. However, the technology for discovery of HTLV and acknowledgment of the existence of pathogenic human retroviruses laid the technical and intellectual foundation for the discovery of the cause of AIDS soon afterward. Without this advance, our ability to diagnose and treat HIV infection most likely would have been long delayed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521629112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T20:53:03Z","timestamp":1450817583000},"page":"15525-15529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The discovery of HTLV-1, the first pathogenic human retrovirus"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Coffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA 02111"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","unstructured":"Watson JD ed (1980) Viral Oncogenes Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor NY) Vol XLIV."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Human infection with foamy viruses","volume":"277","author":"Heneine W","year":"2003","unstructured":"W Heneine, M Schweizer, P Sandstrom, T Folks, Human infection with foamy viruses. 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