{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:21:46Z","timestamp":1789366906377,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Progress in molecular genetics makes possible the development of alternative disease control strategies that target the competence of mosquitoes to transmit pathogens. We tested the regulatory region of the\n                    <jats:italic>vitellogenin<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Vg<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    for its ability to express potential antipathogen factors in transgenic mosquitoes.\n                    <jats:italic>Hermes<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated transformation was used to integrate a 2.1-kb\n                    <jats:italic>Vg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -promoter fragment driving the expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>Defensin A<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>DefA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) coding region, one of the major insect immune factors. PCR amplification of genomic DNA and Southern blot analyses, carried out through the ninth generation, showed that the\n                    <jats:italic>Vg-DefA<\/jats:italic>\n                    transgene insertion was stable. The\n                    <jats:italic>Vg-DefA<\/jats:italic>\n                    transgene was strongly activated in the fat body by a blood meal. The mRNA levels reached a maximum at 24-h postblood meal, corresponding to the peak expression time of the endogenous\n                    <jats:italic>Vg<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. High levels of transgenic defensin were accumulated in the hemolymph of bloodfed female mosquitoes, persisting for 20\u201322 days after a single blood feeding. Purified transgenic defensin showed antibacterial activity comparable to that of defensin isolated from bacterially challenged control mosquitoes. Thus, we have been able to engineer the genetically stable transgenic mosquito with an element of systemic immunity, which is activated through the blood meal-triggered cascade rather than by infection. This work represents a significant step toward the development of molecular genetic approaches to the control of vector competence in pathogen transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160258197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"9144-9149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Engineering blood meal-activated systemic immunity in the yellow fever mosquito,\n                    <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Kokoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abduelaziz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Long","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nijole","family":"Jasinskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Raikhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Parasitology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/42306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386541a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.43.1.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"52","volume":"3","author":"Collins F H","year":"1996","unstructured":"F H Collins, A A James Sci Med 3, 52\u201361 (1996).","journal-title":"Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(96)00022-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2910-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(95)00037-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(95)00043-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(95)00108-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(97)00017-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1999.810107.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.20.6114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(97)00018-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"380","volume":"28","author":"Bhalla S","year":"1968","unstructured":"S Bhalla Mosquito News 28, 380\u2013385 (1968).","journal-title":"Mosquito News"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(97)00084-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02029559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1535-0_35","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors","author":"Morris A C","year":"1997","unstructured":"A C Morris Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors, eds J M Crampton, C B Beard, C Louis (Chapman & Hall, London), pp. 423\u2013429 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook J","year":"1989","unstructured":"J Sambrook, E F Fritsch, T Maniatis Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. 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