{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:35:13Z","timestamp":1790796913950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":225,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The fates of \u201ctransboundary\u201d environmental systems depend on how nation states interact with one another. In the absence of a hegemon willing and able to coerce other states into avoiding a \u201ctragedy of the commons,\u201d shared environments will be safeguarded if international cooperation succeeds and degraded or even destroyed if it fails. Treaties and related institutions of international law give form to these efforts to cooperate. Often, they implore states to act in their collective (as opposed to their national) interests. Sometimes, they impel cooperating states to punish free riders. A few agreements coordinate states\u2019 behavior. Here, I present simple game-theoretic models showing whether and how treaties and related institutions can change incentives, aligning states\u2019 self-interests with their collective interests. I show that, as a general matter, states struggle to cooperate voluntarily and enforce agreements to cooperate but that they find it relatively easy to coordinate actions. In some cases, the need for coordination is manifest. In other cases, it requires strategic thinking. Coordination may fall short of supporting an ideal outcome, but it nearly always works better than the alternatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604989113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]],"date-time":"2016-11-07T22:55:04Z","timestamp":1478559304000},"page":"14515-14522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Coordination vs. voluntarism and enforcement in sustaining international environmental cooperation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International and Public Affairs &amp; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990","author":"Tilly C","year":"1992","unstructured":"C Tilly Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990 (Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400823260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174886"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511617119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"535","article-title":"Principles and lessons from the smallpox eradication programme","volume":"65","author":"Henderson DA","year":"1987","unstructured":"DA Henderson, Principles and lessons from the smallpox eradication programme. 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