{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:45:48Z","timestamp":1792431948116,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately 75% of the global human population are lactose malabsorbers. In a previous clinical trial, it was shown that feeding a high-purity galactooligosaccharide (&gt;95% GOS) could improve symptoms of lactose-intolerant subjects, attaining lactose tolerance in a majority of subjects. To investigate the mechanism, we examined the microbiome of human subjects before and after GOS feeding. The results show a significant shift in the microbiome of responsive individuals, including lactose-fermenting microbes in their stools. The high-purity prebiotic GOS resulted in adaptive shifts in the microbiome and correlated with improvement in clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606722113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]],"date-time":"2017-01-03T20:50:20Z","timestamp":1483476620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"M. Andrea","family":"Azcarate-Peril","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"},{"name":"Microbiome Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90067;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Savaiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Monteagudo-Mera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"},{"name":"Microbiome Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlton","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Analytics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Magness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"},{"name":"Advanced Analytics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd R.","family":"Klaenhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.4.1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018822103911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114152108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126573.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1427-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26242","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers","volume":"88","author":"Vulevic J","year":"2008","unstructured":"J Vulevic, A Drakoularakou, P Yaqoob, G Tzortzis, GR Gibson, Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 1438\u20131446 (2008).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-015-0804-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmrre.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00110.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06858-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02362-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.4.16332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.19.7843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807920105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.112730.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002358"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6768-6776.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1270-1278.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07749-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.167-173.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.041"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1606722113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T10:45:46Z","timestamp":1692614746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1606722113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1606722113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1606722113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}