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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The presence of \u201cdefective\u201d HIV-1 proviruses in HIV-infected patients has been well documented. The current consensus view of the \u201cdefective\u201d proviruses is that these are dead-end products that do not give rise to progeny virus and thus collectively represent a \u201cgraveyard\u201d of viruses. We describe the presence of defective HIV-1 proviruses capable of transcribing novel unspliced HIV-RNA species in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. We propose that the proviruses persistently present in combination antiretroviral therapy-treated patients are not defective in a conventional sense, but rather represent incomplete forms of proviruses encoding translationally competent HIV-RNA transcripts. Strategies directed toward curing HIV-1 infection and eliminating the state of persistent immune activation need to include approaches designed to eliminate cells harboring such proviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609057113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T22:18:28Z","timestamp":1468880308000},"page":"8783-8788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":350,"title":["Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce novel protein-coding RNA species in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Imamichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Dewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services Program, Applied and Development Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21072;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Adelsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services Program, Applied and Development Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21072;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Una","family":"O\u2019Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Paxinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications and Collaborations, Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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