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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Herein we used peptide\u2013MHC tetramer staining and enrichment to identify antigen-specific Tregs directly ex vivo and found that most CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell specificities, self or foreign, contain 5\u201315% Tregs. A notable exception is that two dominant influenza specificities contain very small proportions of Tregs. We demonstrated using human cord blood cells and murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection that antigen exposure can alter the balance between Tregs and conventional T cells in an antigen-specific and context-dependent manner. The ratio between specific Tregs and cognate effectors correlates with protective immunity in mice and T-cell dominance hierarchy in humans. 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