{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:31:05Z","timestamp":1792805465743,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91518477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91518477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-1346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-1346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social sciences","award":["P12-1017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P12-1017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAW 2012.0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAW 2012.0141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-1125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-1125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-02742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-02742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the perpetual race between evolving organisms and pathogens, the human immune system has evolved to reduce the harm of infections. As part of such a system, avoidance of contagious individuals would increase biological fitness. The present study shows that we can detect both facial and olfactory cues of sickness in others just hours after experimental activation of their immune system. The study further demonstrates that multisensory integration of these olfactory and visual sickness cues is a crucial mechanism for how we detect and socially evaluate sick individuals. Thus, by motivating the avoidance of sick conspecifics, olfactory\u2013visual cues, both in isolation and integrated, may be important parts of circuits handling imminent threats of contagion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617357114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T20:40:47Z","timestamp":1495485647000},"page":"6400-6405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Behavioral and neural correlates to multisensory detection of sick humans"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-798X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Regenbogen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;"},{"name":"J\u00fclich Aachen Research Alliance - BRAIN Institute 1: Structure Function Relationship, J\u00fclich Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Juelich, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Axelsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8323-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Lasselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danja K.","family":"Porada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Sundelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moa G.","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Lekander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan N.","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104;"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats J.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540480040036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610368064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvr090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02562.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613515681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612445317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0365-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The Handbook of Social Psychology","author":"Cialdini R","year":"1998","unstructured":"R Cialdini, M Trost, Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds D Gilbert, S Fiske, G Lindzey (McGraw-Hill, 4th Ed, Boston) Vol 2, 151\u2013192 (1998).","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610382121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2114-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2015.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01473-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/NI:3:2:093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5482.1206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00513-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00555.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2370-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1880-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602413113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0173-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","volume-title":"Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis","author":"Cumming G","year":"2012","unstructured":"G Cumming Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis (Taylor & Francis, Oxford, UK, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","article-title":"A global measure of sickness behaviour: Development of the Sickness Questionnaire","author":"Andreasson A","year":"2016","unstructured":"A Andreasson, , A global measure of sickness behaviour: Development of the Sickness Questionnaire. J Health Psychol, July 24, 2016).","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.060"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1617357114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1617357114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T02:54:23Z","timestamp":1649818463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1617357114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1617357114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1617357114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}