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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) is a severe variant of celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine caused by inflammatory T-cell responses to gluten, a common food protein. Typical of RCDII is the presence of aberrant lymphocytes in the duodenal epithelium, which often give rise to a lethal lymphoma. A single growth factor promoting the expansion of aberrant cells has been identified: epithelial cell-derived IL-15. The experiments described in this paper identify three additional growth factors\u2014TNF, IL-2, and IL-21\u2014produced by gluten-specific T cells. 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