{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:30:25Z","timestamp":1790965825912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Young Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Large parasites are a persistent source of morbidity and mortality in humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife. Hosts are subject to strong natural selection to eliminate or tolerate these parasite infections. Here, we document the recent evolution of a striking form of resistance by a vertebrate host (threespine stickleback) against its cestode parasite (\n                    <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). After the Pleistocene glacial retreat, marine stickleback colonized freshwater lakes, encountered\n                    <jats:italic>Schistocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and evolved varying levels of resistance to it. We show that heavily and rarely infected populations of stickleback can similarly resist\n                    <jats:italic>Schistocephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization, but rarely infected fish suppress parasite growth by orders of magnitude. These populations represent ends of a natural continuum of cestode growth suppression which is associated with reduced infection prevalence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620095114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T20:47:43Z","timestamp":1496782063000},"page":"6575-6580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Recent evolution of extreme cestode growth suppression by a vertebrate host"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jesse N.","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Steinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kum Chuan","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Bolnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) Fact sheet: Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Available at www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs366\/en\/. Accessed May 23 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-016-0073-6","article-title":"Decision making on helminths in cattle: Diagnostics, economics and human behaviour","volume":"69","author":"Charlier J","year":"2016","unstructured":"J Charlier, , Decision making on helminths in cattle: Diagnostics, economics and human behaviour. Ir Vet J 69, 14 (2016).","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00040-0","article-title":"Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals","volume":"84","author":"Perry BD","year":"1999","unstructured":"BD Perry, TF Randolph, Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals. Vet Parasitol 84, 145\u2013168 (1999).","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.04.009","article-title":"Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation","volume":"40","author":"Thompson RC","year":"2010","unstructured":"RC Thompson, AJ Lymbery, A Smith, Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation. Int J Parasitol 40, 1163\u20131170 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-264","article-title":"The landscape of human genes involved in the immune response to parasitic worms","volume":"10","author":"Fumagalli M","year":"2010","unstructured":"M Fumagalli, , The landscape of human genes involved in the immune response to parasitic worms. BMC Evol Biol 10, 264 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082779","article-title":"Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions","volume":"206","author":"Fumagalli M","year":"2009","unstructured":"M Fumagalli, , Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions. J Exp Med 206, 1395\u20131408 (2009).","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001917","article-title":"Natural selection on individual variation in tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode infection","volume":"12","author":"Hayward AD","year":"2014","unstructured":"AD Hayward, , Natural selection on individual variation in tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode infection. PLoS Biol 12, e1001917 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2012.33","article-title":"Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations?","volume":"109","author":"King KC","year":"2012","unstructured":"KC King, CM Lively, Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations? Heredity (Edinb) 109, 199\u2013203 (2012).","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-040212-092530","article-title":"Inflammation: Mechanisms, costs, and natural variation","volume":"43","author":"Ashley NT","year":"2012","unstructured":"NT Ashley, ZM Weil, RJ Nelson, Inflammation: Mechanisms, costs, and natural variation. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43, 385\u2013406 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12243","article-title":"Variation in costs of parasite resistance among natural host populations","volume":"26","author":"Auld SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"SK Auld, , Variation in costs of parasite resistance among natural host populations. J Evol Biol 26, 2479\u20132486 (2013).","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.006","article-title":"Costs of immune defense: An enigma wrapped in an environmental cloak?","volume":"19","author":"Sandland GJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"GJ Sandland, DJ Minchella, Costs of immune defense: An enigma wrapped in an environmental cloak? Trends Parasitol 19, 571\u2013574 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0151","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host-parasite systems","volume":"364","author":"Sorci G","year":"2009","unstructured":"G Sorci, B Faivre, Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host-parasite systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364, 71\u201383 (2009).","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x","article-title":"Helminth parasites\u2013masters of regulation","volume":"201","author":"Maizels RM","year":"2004","unstructured":"RM Maizels, , Helminth parasites\u2013masters of regulation. Immunol Rev 201, 89\u2013116 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259504","article-title":"Why infectious disease research needs community ecology","volume":"349","author":"Johnson PTJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"PTJ Johnson, JC de Roode, A Fenton, Why infectious disease research needs community ecology. Science 349, 1259504 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.118","article-title":"Loss-of-function genetic tools for animal models: Cross-species and cross-platform differences","volume":"18","author":"Housden BE","year":"2017","unstructured":"BE Housden, , Loss-of-function genetic tools for animal models: Cross-species and cross-platform differences. Nat Rev Genet 18, 24\u201340 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1109","article-title":"A forward-genetic approach for analysis of the immune system","volume":"3","author":"Appleby MW","year":"2003","unstructured":"MW Appleby, F Ramsdell, A forward-genetic approach for analysis of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 463\u2013471 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1645\/14-701","article-title":"The effect of salinity on egg development and viability of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea)","volume":"102","author":"Simmonds NE","year":"2016","unstructured":"NE Simmonds, I Barber, The effect of salinity on egg development and viability of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea). J Parasitol 102, 42\u201346 (2016).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1086\/689597","article-title":"Resist globally, infect locally: A transcontinental test of adaptation by stickleback and their tapeworm parasite","volume":"189","author":"Weber JN","year":"2017","unstructured":"JN Weber, , Resist globally, infect locally: A transcontinental test of adaptation by stickleback and their tapeworm parasite. Am Nat 189, 43\u201357 (2017).","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2004.00411.x","article-title":"Body condition and reproductive capacity of three-spined stickleback infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus","volume":"64","author":"Bagamian KH","year":"2004","unstructured":"KH Bagamian, DC Heins, JA Baker, Body condition and reproductive capacity of three-spined stickleback infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. J Fish Biol 64, 1568\u20131576 (2004).","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000535","article-title":"Fecundity compensation and fecundity reduction among populations of the three-spined stickleback infected by Schistocephalus solidus in Alaska","volume":"141","author":"Heins DC","year":"2014","unstructured":"DC Heins, JA Baker, Fecundity compensation and fecundity reduction among populations of the three-spined stickleback infected by Schistocephalus solidus in Alaska. Parasitology 141, 1088\u20131096 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1419-3","article-title":"Reciprocal cross infection of sticklebacks with the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus reveals consistent population differences in parasite growth and host resistance","volume":"9","author":"Kalbe M","year":"2016","unstructured":"M Kalbe, C Eizaguirre, JP Scharsack, PJ Jakobsen, Reciprocal cross infection of sticklebacks with the diphyllobothriidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus reveals consistent population differences in parasite growth and host resistance. Parasit Vectors 9, 130 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2567","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks","volume":"271","author":"Kurtz J","year":"2004","unstructured":"J Kurtz, , Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks. Proc Biol Sci 271, 197\u2013204 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-3200-7","article-title":"Covarying variances: More morphologically variable populations also exhibit more diet variation","volume":"178","author":"Snowberg LK","year":"2015","unstructured":"LK Snowberg, KM Hendrix, DI Bolnick, Covarying variances: More morphologically variable populations also exhibit more diet variation. Oecologia 178, 89\u2013101 (2015).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992","article-title":"Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths","volume":"11","author":"Allen JE","year":"2011","unstructured":"JE Allen, RM Maizels, Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths. Nat Rev Immunol 11, 375\u2013388 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.06.003","article-title":"Susceptibility and immunity to helminth parasites","volume":"24","author":"Maizels RM","year":"2012","unstructured":"RM Maizels, JP Hewitson, KA Smith, Susceptibility and immunity to helminth parasites. Curr Opin Immunol 24, 459\u2013466 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428593","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/428593","article-title":"Immunity against helminths: Interactions with the host and the intercurrent infections","volume":"2010","author":"Moreau E","year":"2010","unstructured":"E Moreau, A Chauvin, Immunity against helminths: Interactions with the host and the intercurrent infections. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010, 428593 (2010).","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao059141","article-title":"Modulation of granulocyte responses in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus infected with the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus","volume":"59","author":"Scharsack JP","year":"2004","unstructured":"JP Scharsack, M Kalbe, R Derner, J Kurtz, M Milinski, Modulation of granulocyte responses in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus infected with the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Dis Aquat Organ 59, 141\u2013150 (2004).","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.07.013","article-title":"Fish immunity and parasite infections: From innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects","volume":"126","author":"Alvarez-Pellitero P","year":"2008","unstructured":"P Alvarez-Pellitero, Fish immunity and parasite infections: From innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 126, 171\u2013198 (2008).","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12344","article-title":"Experimental parasite infection reveals costs and benefits of paternal effects","volume":"17","author":"Kaufmann J","year":"2014","unstructured":"J Kaufmann, TL Lenz, M Milinski, C Eizaguirre, Experimental parasite infection reveals costs and benefits of paternal effects. Ecol Lett 17, 1409\u20131417 (2014).","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"302","article-title":"The \u201ccrowding effect\u201d in the cestode Schistocephalus solidus: Density-dependent effects on plerocercoid size and infectivity","volume":"88","author":"Heins DC","year":"2002","unstructured":"DC Heins, JA Baker, HC Martin, The \u201ccrowding effect\u201d in the cestode Schistocephalus solidus: Density-dependent effects on plerocercoid size and infectivity. J Parasitol 88, 302\u2013307 (2002).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3273449","article-title":"The \u201ccrowding effect\u201d in tapeworm infections","volume":"37","author":"Read CP","year":"1951","unstructured":"CP Read, The \u201ccrowding effect\u201d in tapeworm infections. J Parasitol 37, 174\u2013178 (1951).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(63)90075-4","article-title":"Studies on Schistocephalus solidus. I. The correlation of development in the plerocercoid with infectivity to the definitive host","volume":"13","author":"Hopkins CA","year":"1963","unstructured":"CA Hopkins, MLO McCAIG, Studies on Schistocephalus solidus. I. The correlation of development in the plerocercoid with infectivity to the definitive host. Exp Parasitol 13, 235\u2013243 (1963).","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2307\/3283228","article-title":"Infectivity of plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Ligulidae) and fecundity of the adults in an experimental definitive host, Gallus gallus","volume":"78","author":"Tierney JF","year":"1992","unstructured":"JF Tierney, DWT Crompton, Infectivity of plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Ligulidae) and fecundity of the adults in an experimental definitive host, Gallus gallus. J Parasitol 78, 1049\u20131054 (1992).","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"R Dawkins The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene (Oxford Univ Press New York) Revised edition p 313. (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107239","article-title":"Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles","volume":"307","author":"Colosimo PF","year":"2005","unstructured":"PF Colosimo, , Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. Science 307, 1928\u20131933 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10944","article-title":"The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks","volume":"484","author":"Jones FC","year":"2012","unstructured":"FC Jones, , The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Nature; Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform and Whole Genome Assembly Team 484, 55\u201361 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.10.003","article-title":"Optimal immune responses: Immunocompetence revisited","volume":"20","author":"Viney ME","year":"2005","unstructured":"ME Viney, EM Riley, KL Buchanan, Optimal immune responses: Immunocompetence revisited. Trends Ecol Evol 20, 665\u2013669 (2005).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01081.x","article-title":"Exposure to predation generates personality in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)","volume":"10","author":"Bell AM","year":"2007","unstructured":"AM Bell, A Sih, Exposure to predation generates personality in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ecol Lett 10, 828\u2013834 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01545.x","article-title":"Intraguild predation drives evolutionary niche shift in threespine stickleback","volume":"66","author":"Ingram T","year":"2012","unstructured":"T Ingram, , Intraguild predation drives evolutionary niche shift in threespine stickleback. Evolution 66, 1819\u20131832 (2012).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12934","article-title":"Food intake rates of inactive fish are positively linked to boldness in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"88","author":"Jolles JW","year":"2016","unstructured":"JW Jolles, A Manica, NJ Boogert, Food intake rates of inactive fish are positively linked to boldness in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus. J Fish Biol 88, 1661\u20131668 (2016).","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","first-page":"839","article-title":"Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population","volume":"274","author":"Svanb\u00e4ck R","year":"2007","unstructured":"R Svanb\u00e4ck, DI Bolnick, Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population. Proc Biol Sci 274, 839\u2013844 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.01.006","article-title":"Genetics of disease resistance in sheep and goats","volume":"70","author":"Bishop SC","year":"2007","unstructured":"SC Bishop, CA Morris, Genetics of disease resistance in sheep and goats. Small Rumin Res 70, 48\u201359 (2007).","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/37895","article-title":"How hosts control worms","volume":"389","author":"Stear MJ","year":"1997","unstructured":"MJ Stear, , How hosts control worms. Nature 389, 27 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01105.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in resistance to mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta nematode infections of sheep: From heritabilities to gene identification","volume":"31","author":"Stear MJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"MJ Stear, B Boag, I Cattadori, L Murphy, Genetic variation in resistance to mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta nematode infections of sheep: From heritabilities to gene identification. Parasite Immunol 31, 274\u2013282 (2009).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00175-9","article-title":"Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection","volume":"33","author":"Quinnell RJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"RJ Quinnell, Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection. Int J Parasitol 33, 1219\u20131231 (2003).","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90138-5","article-title":"Predisposition to hookworm infection in Papua New Guinea","volume":"95","author":"Quinnell RJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"RJ Quinnell, J Griffin, MA Nowell, A Raiko, DI Pritchard, Predisposition to hookworm infection in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95, 139\u2013142 (2001).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00168","article-title":"A consideration of resistance and tolerance for ruminant nematode infections","volume":"3","author":"Bishop SC","year":"2012","unstructured":"SC Bishop, A consideration of resistance and tolerance for ruminant nematode infections. Front Genet 3, 168 (2012).","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00204-8","article-title":"Modeling of host genetics and resistance to infectious diseases: Understanding and controlling nematode infections","volume":"115","author":"Bishop SC","year":"2003","unstructured":"SC Bishop, MJ Stear, Modeling of host genetics and resistance to infectious diseases: Understanding and controlling nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 115, 147\u2013166 (2003).","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1163\/156853995X00540","article-title":"The effect of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) on the foraging and shoaling behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus","volume":"132","author":"Barber I","year":"1995","unstructured":"I Barber, FA Huntingford, The effect of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) on the foraging and shoaling behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Behaviour 132, 1223\u20131240 (1995).","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12368","article-title":"The coevolutionary implications of host tolerance","volume":"68","author":"Best A","year":"2014","unstructured":"A Best, A White, M Boots, The coevolutionary implications of host tolerance. Evolution 68, 1426\u20131435 (2014).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(83)80025-6","article-title":"Behavioural effects of the parasite Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) on an intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L","volume":"31","author":"Giles N","year":"1983","unstructured":"N Giles, Behavioural effects of the parasite Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) on an intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Anim Behav 31, 1192\u20131194 (1983).","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1163\/156853986X00883","article-title":"Risk of predation of parasitized sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) under competition for food","volume":"93","author":"Milinski M","year":"1985","unstructured":"M Milinski, Risk of predation of parasitized sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) under competition for food. Behaviour 93, 203\u2013216 (1985).","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.S.S125","article-title":"Eosinophil-mediated tissue inflammatory responses in helminth infection","volume":"47","author":"Shin MH","year":"2009","unstructured":"MH Shin, YA Lee, D-Y Min, Eosinophil-mediated tissue inflammatory responses in helminth infection. Korean J Parasitol 47, S125\u2013S131 (2009).","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","first-page":"3151","article-title":"Who is in control of the stickleback immune system: Interactions between Schistocephalus solidus and its specific vertebrate host","volume":"274","author":"Scharsack JP","year":"2007","unstructured":"JP Scharsack, K Koch, K Hammerschmidt, Who is in control of the stickleback immune system: Interactions between Schistocephalus solidus and its specific vertebrate host. Proc Biol Sci 274, 3151\u20133158 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.10.019","article-title":"In vitro leukocyte response of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to helminth parasite antigens","volume":"36","author":"Franke F","year":"2014","unstructured":"F Franke, , In vitro leukocyte response of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to helminth parasite antigens. Fish Shellfish Immunol 36, 130\u2013140 (2014).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2485","article-title":"Immune function across generations: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission","volume":"270","author":"Grindstaff JL","year":"2003","unstructured":"JL Grindstaff, 3rd ED Brodie, ED Ketterson, Immune function across generations: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270, 2309\u20132319 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","article-title":"Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences","volume":"160","author":"Brodin P","year":"2015","unstructured":"P Brodin, , Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell 160, 37\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4139","article-title":"Inter-individual variability and genetic influences on cytokine responses to bacteria and fungi","volume":"22","author":"Li Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y Li, , Inter-individual variability and genetic influences on cytokine responses to bacteria and fungi. Nat Med 22, 952\u2013960 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icu082","article-title":"Mechanisms and methods in ecoimmunology: Integrating within-organism and between-organism processes","volume":"54","author":"Downs CJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"CJ Downs, JS Adelman, GE Demas, Mechanisms and methods in ecoimmunology: Integrating within-organism and between-organism processes. Integr Comp Biol 54, 340\u2013352 (2014).","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.09.009","article-title":"In vitro transition of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) from coracidium to procercoid and from procercoid to plerocercoid","volume":"130","author":"Jakobsen PJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"PJ Jakobsen, , In vitro transition of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) from coracidium to procercoid and from procercoid to plerocercoid. Exp Parasitol 130, 267\u2013273 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-90","article-title":"Growth and ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus in its copepod first host affects performance in its stickleback second intermediate host","volume":"5","author":"Benesh DP","year":"2012","unstructured":"DP Benesh, N Hafer, Growth and ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus in its copepod first host affects performance in its stickleback second intermediate host. Parasit Vectors 5, 90 (2012).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016","unstructured":"Team R Core R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn T","year":"2008","unstructured":"T Hothorn, F Bretz, P Westfall, Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 50, 346\u2013363 (2008).","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D","year":"2015","unstructured":"D Bates, M M\u00e4chler, B Bolker, S Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01","article-title":"Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans","volume":"69","author":"Lenth RV","year":"2016","unstructured":"RV Lenth, Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans. J Stat Softw 69, 1\u201333 (2016).","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1620095114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1620095114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T11:37:47Z","timestamp":1654601867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1620095114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1620095114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1620095114","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/091942","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-06-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}