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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Certain marine invertebrates harbor chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts, giving them the remarkable ability to consume inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S) rather than organic matter as food. These chemosynthetic animals are found near geochemical (e.g., hydrothermal vents) or biological (e.g., decaying wood or large animal carcasses) sources of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S on the seafloor. Although many such symbioses have been discovered, little is known about how or where they originated. Here, we demonstrate a new chemosynthetic symbiosis in the giant teredinid bivalve (shipworm)\n                    <jats:italic>Kuphus polythalamia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and show that this symbiosis arose in a wood-eating ancestor via the displacement of ancestral cellulolytic symbionts by sulfur-oxidizing invaders. Here, wood served as an evolutionary stepping stone for a dramatic transition from heterotrophy to chemoautotrophy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620470114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]],"date-time":"2017-04-17T20:50:22Z","timestamp":1492462222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Discovery of chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the giant shipworm\n                    <i>Kuphus polythalamia<\/i>\n                    (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) extends wooden-steps theory"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3860-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Distel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Genome Legacy Center, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin A.","family":"Altamia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Reuben","family":"Shipway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Genome Legacy Center, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Genome, South San Francisco, CA 94080;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Forteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowena","family":"Antemano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Gwen J. Pe\u00f1aflor","family":"Limbaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison G.","family":"Tebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur, D\u00e9partement de Chimie, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rande","family":"Dechavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City 9800, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City 9800, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela P.","family":"Concepcion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;"},{"name":"Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo G.","family":"Haygood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Compendium of Bivalves 2. 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111, E5096\u2013E5104 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045309","article-title":"Microbial distribution and abundance in the digestive system of five shipworm species (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)","volume":"7","author":"Betcher MA","year":"2012","unstructured":"MA Betcher, , Microbial distribution and abundance in the digestive system of five shipworm species (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). 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