{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:54:10Z","timestamp":1791071650716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) proteins expressed on the surface of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected erythrocytes undergo antigenic variation by switching the gene expressed within a repertoire of approximately 50\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes per haploid genome. The switching of PfEMP1 plays an important role in the survival and pathogenesis of the parasite. To understand how a parasite switches its\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression in human infections, we investigated the composition and change of\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene transcripts during the acute phase of well-defined laboratory-induced\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in na\u00efve human hosts. Multiple\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts, with the same dominant transcript, were identified in samples collected after three to four asexual-parasite cycles in two volunteers infected with cloned 3D7\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    via mosquito bites. A major change in composition and frequency of\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene transcripts was observed between the culture used to infect the mosquitoes and the parasites recovered from the infected volunteers. A further change was seen when infected blood from a mosquito-infected volunteer was either passaged to other volunteers or cultured\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts did not increase with time. The results suggest that the switch of\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression is reinitiated after mosquito transmission and that\n                    <jats:italic>var<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes may rapidly switch from the first gene expressed after liver stage, but subsequent switching occurs at a much lower rate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162349899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,30]],"date-time":"2002-09-30T12:42:53Z","timestamp":1033389773000},"page":"10689-10694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["High diversity and rapid changeover of expressed\n                    <i>var<\/i>\n                    genes during the acute phase of\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    infections in human volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Gatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia; Parasitology Department, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia; and Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90055-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90054-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90056-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5267.1502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/40888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.18.5418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"1057","volume":"145","author":"Turner G. 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