{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:28:53Z","timestamp":1781227733691,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Both the protective antigen (PA) and the poly(\u03b3-\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glutamic acid) capsule (\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA) are essential for the virulence of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A critical level of vaccine-induced IgG anti-PA confers immunity to anthrax, but there is no information about the protective action of IgG anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA. Because the number of spores presented by bioterrorists might be greater than encountered in nature, we sought to induce capsular antibodies to expand the immunity conferred by available anthrax vaccines. The nonimmunogenic \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA or corresponding synthetic peptides were bound to BSA, recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    PA (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    PA), or recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    exotoxin A (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    EPA). To identify the optimal construct, conjugates of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus pumilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    LPGA, and peptides of varying lengths (5-, 10-, or 20-mers), of the\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    or\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    configuration with active groups at the N or C termini, were bound at 5\u201332 mol per protein. The conjugates were characterized by physico-chemical and immunological assays, including GLC-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight spectrometry, and immunogenicity in 5- to 6-week-old mice. IgG anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA and antiprotein were measured by ELISA. The highest levels of IgG anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA were elicited by decamers of \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA at 10 \u201320 mol per protein bound to the N- or C-terminal end. High IgG anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA levels were elicited by two injections of 2.5 \u03bcg of \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA per mouse, whereas three injections were needed to achieve high levels of protein antibodies.\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    PA was the most effective carrier. Anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA induced opsonophagocytic killing of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    tox\u2013, cap+. \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA conjugates may enhance the protection conferred by PA alone. \u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA-\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    PA conjugates induced both anti-PA and anti-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    PGA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633512100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]],"date-time":"2003-07-22T15:39:06Z","timestamp":1058888346000},"page":"8945-8950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Poly(\u03b3-\n                    <scp>d<\/scp>\n                    -glutamic acid) protein conjugates induce IgG antibodies in mice to the capsule of\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    : A potential addition to the anthrax vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Schneerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kubler-Kielb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teh-Yung","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Dong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Leppla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Yergey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Backlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Shiloach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathy","family":"Majadly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and 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