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Unfortunately, the lack of soft-tissue evidence in the fossil record precludes any study of Neanderthal respiratory performance. Here, we use warping techniques to reconstruct a generic Neanderthal nose, computational fluid dynamics simulations to compare the respiratory performance on both species, and evolutionary analyses to detect signals of selection. We report striking differences on fluid residence times under cold\/dry climatic conditions. Different from previously suggested, our results indicate that both species would have achieved an advantageous species-specific respiratory performance in cold climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703790114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T14:56:16Z","timestamp":1509375376000},"page":"12442-12447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Nasal airflow simulations suggest convergent adaptation in Neanderthals and modern humans"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"de Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Patag\u00f3nico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patag\u00f3nico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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