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However, rate increases have been dramatically higher after loss of the terrestrial stage than after loss of the aquatic stage, suggesting that constraints can be stage-specific. This study provides an example of how long-term shifts in life cycle complexity can alter rates of evolution and play a significant role in shaping phenotypic distributions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703877114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T20:40:24Z","timestamp":1504039224000},"page":"9936-9941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Evidence for complex life cycle constraints on salamander body form diversification"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Bonett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.000435","article-title":"Complex life cycles","volume":"11","author":"Wilbur HM","year":"1980","unstructured":"HM Wilbur, Complex life cycles. 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