{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:48:45Z","timestamp":1782337725222,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]],"date-time":"2018-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001589","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STAR-RD834190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STAR-RD834190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1045110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1045110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1528298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1528298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EartH2Observe 603608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EartH2Observe 603608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIFA 2012-68002-19795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIFA 2012-68002-19795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knowledge of plant rooting depth is critical to understanding plant-mediated global change. Earth system models are highly sensitive to this particular parameter with large consequences for modeled plant productivity, water\u2013energy\u2013carbon exchange between the land and the atmosphere, and silicate weathering regulating multimillion-year-timescale carbon cycle. However, we know little about how deep roots go and why. Accidental discoveries of &gt;70-m-deep roots in wells and &gt;20-m-deep roots in caves offer glimpses of the enormous plasticity of root response to its environment, but the drivers and the global significance of such deep roots are not clear. Through observations and modeling, we demonstrate that soil hydrology is a globally prevalent force driving landscape to global patterns of plant rooting depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712381114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]],"date-time":"2017-09-18T21:00:20Z","timestamp":1505768420000},"page":"10572-10577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1045,"title":["Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Miguez-Macho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Linear Physics Group, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban G.","family":"Jobb\u00e1gy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudios Ambientales\u2013Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"},{"name":"Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;"},{"name":"Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Otero-Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Linear Physics Group, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems","author":"Berner RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"RA Berner, The rise of trees and how they changed paleozoic atmospheric CO2, climate, and geology. A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, eds JR Ehleringer, T Cerling, MD Dearing (Springer, New York, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2797:MRWUIH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Modeling root water uptake in hydrological and climate models","volume":"82","author":"Feddes R","year":"2001","unstructured":"R Feddes, , Modeling root water uptake in hydrological and climate models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82, 2797\u20132809 (2001).","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.00152.x","article-title":"A method of determining rooting depth from a terrestrial biosphere model and its impacts on the global water and carbon cycle","volume":"4","author":"Kleidon A","year":"1998","unstructured":"A Kleidon, M Heimann, A method of determining rooting depth from a terrestrial biosphere model and its impacts on the global water and carbon cycle. Glob Change Biol 4, 275\u2013286 (1998).","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/372666a0","article-title":"The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures","volume":"372","author":"Nepstad DC","year":"1994","unstructured":"DC Nepstad, , The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature 372, 666\u2013669 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2005.01003.x","article-title":"Deep root function in soil water dynamics in cerrado savannas of central Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira RS","year":"2005","unstructured":"RS Oliveira, , Deep root function in soil water dynamics in cerrado savannas of central Brazil. Funct Ecol 19, 574\u2013581 (2005).","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"How to study deep roots\u2014and why it matters","volume":"4","author":"Maeght J-L","year":"2013","unstructured":"J-L Maeght, B Rewald, A Pierret, How to study deep roots\u2014and why it matters. Front Plant Sci 4, 299 (2013).","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.79315","volume-title":"The Ecological Relations of Roots","author":"Weaver JE","year":"1919","unstructured":"JE Weaver The Ecological Relations of Roots (Digital Commons @ University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE), pp. 122\u2013127 (1919)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1071\/BT05022","article-title":"Why do evergreen trees dominate the Australian seasonal tropics?","volume":"53","author":"Bowman DMJS","year":"2016","unstructured":"DMJS Bowman, DL Prior, Why do evergreen trees dominate the Australian seasonal tropics? Aust J Bot 53, 379\u2013399 (2016).","journal-title":"Aust J Bot"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-007-0132-4","article-title":"The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture: A review","volume":"21","author":"Reubens B","year":"2007","unstructured":"B Reubens, J Poesen, F Danjon, G Geudens, B Muys, The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture: A review. Trees (Berl) 21, 385\u2013402 (2007).","journal-title":"Trees (Berl)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0195","article-title":"Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: Links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events","volume":"353","author":"Algeo TJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"TJ Algeo, SE Scheckler, Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: Links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353, 113\u2013130 (1998).","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408724102","article-title":"Feedbacks and the coevolution of plants and atmospheric CO2","volume":"102","author":"Beerling DJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"DJ Beerling, RA Berner, Feedbacks and the coevolution of plants and atmospheric CO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 1302\u20131305 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(91)90245-Q","article-title":"On the maximum extent of tree roots","volume":"46","author":"Stone EL","year":"1991","unstructured":"EL Stone, PJ Kalisz, On the maximum extent of tree roots. For Ecol Manage 46, 59\u2013102 (1991).","journal-title":"For Ecol Manage"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333714","article-title":"A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes","volume":"108","author":"Jackson RB","year":"1996","unstructured":"RB Jackson, , A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108, 389\u2013411 (1996).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329030","article-title":"Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale","volume":"108","author":"Canadell J","year":"1996","unstructured":"J Canadell, , Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108, 583\u2013595 (1996).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1126\/science.37.950.420","article-title":"Some relations between root characters, ground water and species distribution","volume":"37","author":"Cannon WA","year":"1913","unstructured":"WA Cannon, Some relations between root characters, ground water and species distribution. Science 37, 420\u2013423 (1913).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"JWB Wagg Origin and Development of White Spruce Root-Forms (Queen\u2019s Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa Ontario Canada) Forestry Branch Departmental Publication No. 1192. (1967)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1974.00021962006600020030x","article-title":"Distribution of corn roots in sandy soil with a declining water table","volume":"66","author":"Follett R","year":"1974","unstructured":"R Follett, R Allmaras, G Reichman, Distribution of corn roots in sandy soil with a declining water table. Agron J 66, 288\u2013292 (1974).","journal-title":"Agron J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01015.x","article-title":"The plastic plant: Root responses to heterogeneous supplies of nutrients","volume":"162","author":"Hodge A","year":"2004","unstructured":"A Hodge, The plastic plant: Root responses to heterogeneous supplies of nutrients. New Phytol 162, 9\u201324 (2004).","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00628.x","article-title":"Desert shrub water relations with respect to soil characteristics and plant functional type","volume":"16","author":"Sperry J","year":"2002","unstructured":"J Sperry, U Hacke, Desert shrub water relations with respect to soil characteristics and plant functional type. Funct Ecol 16, 367\u2013378 (2002).","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.11.018","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics","volume":"126","author":"Schenk HJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"HJ Schenk, RB Jackson, Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics. Geoderma 126, 129\u2013140 (2005).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08175","article-title":"Rooting depth and leaf hydraulic conductance in the xeric tree Haloxyolon ammodendron growing at sites of contrasting soil texture","volume":"35","author":"Xu GQ","year":"2008","unstructured":"GQ Xu, Y Li, Rooting depth and leaf hydraulic conductance in the xeric tree Haloxyolon ammodendron growing at sites of contrasting soil texture. Funct Plant Biol 35, 1234\u20131242 (2008).","journal-title":"Funct Plant Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2307\/2258106","article-title":"Conditions affecting the distribution of Mercurialis perennis L. in certain Cambridgeshire woodlands","volume":"56","author":"Martin MH","year":"1968","unstructured":"MH Martin, Conditions affecting the distribution of Mercurialis perennis L. in certain Cambridgeshire woodlands. J Ecol 56, 777\u2013793 (1968).","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2307\/2401805","article-title":"The relationship between soil aeration, stability and growth of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on upland peaty gleys","volume":"13","author":"Armstrong W","year":"1976","unstructured":"W Armstrong, TC Booth, P Priestley, DJ Read, The relationship between soil aeration, stability and growth of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on upland peaty gleys. J Appl Ecol 13, 585\u2013591 (1976).","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229881","article-title":"Global patterns of groundwater table depth","volume":"339","author":"Fan Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Y Fan, H Li, G Miguez-Macho, Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science 339, 940\u2013943 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.32210","volume-title":"The Root Habits of Desert Plants","author":"Cannon WA","year":"1911","unstructured":"WA Cannon The Root Habits of Desert Plants (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 1911)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1925.0003","article-title":"The effects of grass on trees","volume":"97","author":"Howard A","year":"1925","unstructured":"A Howard, The effects of grass on trees. Proc R Soc Lond B 97, 284\u2013321 (1925).","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"PC Kimber The Root System of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) (Forests Department of Western Australia Perth WA Australia) Research Papers No. 10. (1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582230","article-title":"Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: A stable isotope investigation","volume":"107","author":"Dawson TE","year":"1996","unstructured":"TE Dawson, JS Pate, Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: A stable isotope investigation. Oecologia 107, 13\u201320 (1996).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/282749","article-title":"Butteressing of tropical trees: A descriptive model and new hypotheses","volume":"106","author":"Smith AP","year":"1972","unstructured":"AP Smith, Butteressing of tropical trees: A descriptive model and new hypotheses. Am Nat 106, 32\u201346 (1972).","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s004680000049","article-title":"Roots of pioneer trees in Amazonian rain forest","volume":"14","author":"Pavlis J","year":"2000","unstructured":"J Pavlis, J Jenik, Roots of pioneer trees in Amazonian rain forest. Trees (Berl) 14, 442\u2013455 (2000).","journal-title":"Trees (Berl)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2307\/1931305","article-title":"Root systems of some chaparral plants in southern California","volume":"36","author":"Hellmers H","year":"1955","unstructured":"H Hellmers, JS Horton, G Juhren, J O\u2019Keefe, Root systems of some chaparral plants in southern California. Ecology 36, 667\u2013678 (1955).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1175-x","article-title":"The importance of limestone bedrock and dissolution karst features on tree root distribution in northern Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"362","author":"Estrada-Medina H","year":"2013","unstructured":"H Estrada-Medina, RC Graham, MF Allen, JJ Jimenez-Osornio, S Robles-Casolco, The importance of limestone bedrock and dissolution karst features on tree root distribution in northern Yucatan, Mexico. Plant Soil 362, 37\u201350 (2013).","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11387","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.20.11387","article-title":"Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA","volume":"96","author":"Jackson RB","year":"1999","unstructured":"RB Jackson, LA Moore, WA Hoffmann, WT Pockman, CR Linder, Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 11387\u201311392 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR012583","article-title":"Rain, rock moisture dynamics, and the rapid response of perched groundwater in weathered, fractured argillite underlying a steep hillslope","volume":"48","author":"Salve R","year":"2012","unstructured":"R Salve, DM Rempe, WE Dietrich, Rain, rock moisture dynamics, and the rapid response of perched groundwater in weathered, fractured argillite underlying a steep hillslope. Water Resour Res 48, 1\u201325 (2012).","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-004-0194-7","article-title":"Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: A review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation","volume":"35","author":"Naumburg E","year":"2005","unstructured":"E Naumburg, R Mata-Gonzalez, RG Hunter, T McLendon, DW Martin, Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: A review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation. Environ Manage 35, 726\u2013740 (2005).","journal-title":"Environ Manage"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","unstructured":"JA Sprackling RA Read Tree Root Systems in Eastern Nebraska (The Conservation and Survey Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln Lincoln NE) Nebraska Conservation Bulletin 37. (1979)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","unstructured":"OE Meinzer Plants as Indicators of Ground Water (US Geological Survey Washington DC) USGS Water-Supply Paper Vol 577. (1927)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017522","article-title":"Untangling the effect of shallow grounwater and soil texture as drivers of subfield-scale yield variability","volume":"51","author":"Zipper SC","year":"2015","unstructured":"SC Zipper, M Evren Soylu, EG Booth, SP Loheide, Untangling the effect of shallow grounwater and soil texture as drivers of subfield-scale yield variability. Water Resour Res 51, 6338\u20136358 (2015).","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"D15113","article-title":"The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands","volume":"117","author":"Miguez-Macho G","year":"2012","unstructured":"G Miguez-Macho, Y Fan, The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands. J Geophys Res 117, D15113 (2012).","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","first-page":"D15114","article-title":"The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 2. Influence on seasonal soil moisture and evapotranspiration","volume":"117","author":"Miguez-Macho G","year":"2012","unstructured":"G Miguez-Macho, Y Fan, The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 2. Influence on seasonal soil moisture and evapotranspiration. J Geophys Res Atmos 117, D15114 (2012).","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Atmos"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711146910","article-title":"Evaporation from sparse crops\u2013An energy combination theory","volume":"111","author":"Shuttleworth WJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"WJ Shuttleworth, JS Wallace, Evaporation from sparse crops\u2013An energy combination theory. Q J R Meteorol Soc 111, 839\u2013855 (1985).","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13338","article-title":"\u201cOne physical system\u201d: Tansley\u2019s ecosystem as Earth\u2019s critical zone","volume":"206","author":"Richter Dd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dd Richter, SA Billings, \u201cOne physical system\u201d: Tansley\u2019s ecosystem as Earth\u2019s critical zone. New Phytol 206, 900\u2013912 (2015).","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-013-1600-9","article-title":"The hidden organic carbon in deep mineral soils","volume":"368","author":"Harper RJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"RJ Harper, M Tibbett, The hidden organic carbon in deep mineral soils. Plant Soil 368, 641\u2013648 (2013).","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017037","article-title":"Groundwater in the Earth\u2019s critical zone: Relevance to large-scale patterns and processes","volume":"51","author":"Fan Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y Fan, Groundwater in the Earth\u2019s critical zone: Relevance to large-scale patterns and processes. Water Resour Res 51, 3052\u20133069 (2015).","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.30413","volume-title":"Botanical Features of the Algerian Sahara","author":"Cannon WA","year":"1913","unstructured":"WA Cannon Botanical Features of the Algerian Sahara (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 1913)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Carbon inputs and water uptake in deep soils of an eastern Amazon forest","volume":"57","author":"Davidson E","year":"2011","unstructured":"E Davidson, , Carbon inputs and water uptake in deep soils of an eastern Amazon forest. For Sci 57, 51\u201358 (2011).","journal-title":"For Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2307\/1937492","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal water relations of the desert phreatophyte Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) in the Sonoran Desert of California","volume":"64","author":"Nilsen ET","year":"1983","unstructured":"ET Nilsen, MR Sharifi, PW Rundel, WM Jarrell, A Ross, Diurnal and seasonal water relations of the desert phreatophyte Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) in the Sonoran Desert of California. Ecology 64, 1381\u20131393 (1983).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467409006129","article-title":"Development of allometric relationships for accurate estimation of above- and below-ground biomass in tropical secondary forests in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"25","author":"Kenzo T","year":"2009","unstructured":"T Kenzo, , Development of allometric relationships for accurate estimation of above- and below-ground biomass in tropical secondary forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. J Trop Ecol 25, 371\u2013386 (2009).","journal-title":"J Trop Ecol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1712381114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1712381114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T12:32:28Z","timestamp":1654605148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1712381114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1712381114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1712381114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-09-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}