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Evidence is presented for the constitutive activation of STAT-3 by NS5A. In the presence of antioxidants [pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), N-acetyl\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -cysteine (NAC)] or Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    chelators (EGTA-AM, TMB-8), NS5A-induced activation of NF-\u03baB and STAT-3 was eliminated. These results provide an insight into the mechanism by which NS5A can alter intracellular events relevant to liver pathogenesis associated with the viral infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171311298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1027679856000},"page":"9599-9604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":518,"title":["Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-\u03baB"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Guozhong","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Program in Molecular Biology, B172, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 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