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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Invasive nontyphoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    disease is a major and previously neglected tropical disease responsible for an estimated \u223c390,000 deaths per year in Africa, largely caused by a variant of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium called ST313. Despite the availability of &gt;100,000\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes, it has proven challenging to associate individual SNPs with pathogenic traits of this dangerous bacterium. Here, we used a transcriptomic strategy to identify a single-nucleotide change in a promoter region responsible for crucial phenotypic differences of African\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium. Our findings show that a noncoding nucleotide of the bacterial genome can have a profound effect upon the pathogenesis of infectious disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714718115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T11:54:40Z","timestamp":1519732480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Role of a single noncoding nucleotide in the evolution of an epidemic African clade of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Disa L.","family":"Hammarl\u00f6f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Kr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-3177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si\u00e2n V.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Canals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizeth","family":"Lacharme-Lora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Wenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Schager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Hokamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Feasey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi, Central Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi, Central Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2671-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay C. D.","family":"Hinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140999","article-title":"Global burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease, 2010(1)","volume":"21","author":"Ao TT","year":"2015","unstructured":"TT Ao, , Global burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease, 2010(1). Emerg Infect Dis 21, 941\u2013949 (2015).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: An emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa","volume":"379","author":"Feasey NA","year":"2012","unstructured":"NA Feasey, G Dougan, RA Kingsley, RS Heyderman, MA Gordon, Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: An emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet 379, 2489\u20132499 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2423","article-title":"Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"44","author":"Okoro CK","year":"2012","unstructured":"CK Okoro, , Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Genet 44, 1215\u20131221 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00078-15","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium sequence type 313 from Kenyan patients is associated with the blaCTX-M-15 gene on a novel IncHI2 plasmid","volume":"59","author":"Kariuki S","year":"2015","unstructured":"S Kariuki, , Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium sequence type 313 from Kenyan patients is associated with the blaCTX-M-15 gene on a novel IncHI2 plasmid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59, 3133\u20133139 (2015).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.091017.109","article-title":"Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype","volume":"19","author":"Kingsley RA","year":"2009","unstructured":"RA Kingsley, , Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype. Genome Res 19, 2279\u20132287 (2009).","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Characterization of the prophage repertoire of African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 reveals high levels of spontaneous induction of novel phage BTP1","volume":"8","author":"Owen SV","year":"2017","unstructured":"SV Owen, , Characterization of the prophage repertoire of African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 reveals high levels of spontaneous induction of novel phage BTP1. Front Microbiol 8, 235 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0480-7","article-title":"Public health surveillance in the UK revolutionises our understanding of the invasive Salmonella Typhimurium epidemic in Africa","volume":"9","author":"Ashton PM","year":"2017","unstructured":"PM Ashton, , Public health surveillance in the UK revolutionises our understanding of the invasive Salmonella Typhimurium epidemic in Africa. 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J Immunol Methods 387, 121\u2013129 (2013).","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343529","article-title":"Differential timing of antibody-mediated phagocytosis and cell-free killing of invasive African Salmonella allows immune evasion","volume":"44","author":"Siggins MK","year":"2014","unstructured":"MK Siggins, , Differential timing of antibody-mediated phagocytosis and cell-free killing of invasive African Salmonella allows immune evasion. Eur J Immunol 44, 1093\u20131098 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003394","article-title":"Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 with naturally attenuated flagellin elicits reduced inflammation and replicates within macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Ramachandran G","year":"2015","unstructured":"G Ramachandran, DJ Perkins, PJ Schmidlein, ME Tulapurkar, SM Tennant, Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 with naturally attenuated flagellin elicits reduced inflammation and replicates within macrophages. 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Innate Immun 15, 67\u201380 (2009).","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.14.4077-4086.2000","article-title":"A PhoP-regulated outer membrane protease of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium promotes resistance to alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides","volume":"182","author":"Guina T","year":"2000","unstructured":"T Guina, EC Yi, H Wang, M Hackett, SI Miller, A PhoP-regulated outer membrane protease of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium promotes resistance to alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides. 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