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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaccination is an important tool for decreasing the spread and disease burden of the widespread bacterial pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, current vaccines target only a subset of pneumococcal serotypes, and the nonvaccine types often remain at high frequencies after vaccination. In some cases, nonvaccine types display a disconcerting increase in antibiotic resistance frequencies after a population has been vaccinated by the commonly used PCV7 or PCV13, and the reason for this is unclear. Using mathematical modeling, we show that removal of competition with the vaccine types may induce this rise in antibiotic resistance. Our model explores the conditions leading to such an increase and contributes to a better understanding of this process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718712115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T11:40:29Z","timestamp":1520336429000},"page":"3102-3107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Vaccination can drive an increase in frequencies of antibiotic resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Uri","family":"Obolski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunetra","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","volume-title":"Measuring Impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccination","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"; World Health Organization Measuring Impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccination (World Health Org, Geneva, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldv027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola CL","year":"2015","unstructured":"CL Ventola, The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. 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