{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:28:01Z","timestamp":1787005681652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004451","name":"Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cynicism about lawlessness and police crime prevention and protection efforts is often high in predominately African-American neighborhoods, but residents persist in calling 911 and requesting police assistance. These calls continue to rise in neighborhoods that have recently experienced further increases in racial isolation, incarceration, and home foreclosures. These patterns are independent of statistical controls for an array of potentially confounding variables. The implication is that in the absence of alternatives, and despite past and continuing perceived police ineffectiveness, residents in racially isolated and disadvantaged neighborhoods will continue to call 911, seeking crime prevention and protection by police.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722210115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T15:15:46Z","timestamp":1531149346000},"page":"7190-7199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Dual-process theory of racial isolation, legal cynicism, and reported crime"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Hagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611;"},{"name":"American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL 60611;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Herda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cann Chandrasekher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, University of California, Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Fear and fairness in the city: Criminal enforcement and perceptions of fairness in minority communities","volume":"73","author":"Brooks R-R-W","year":"2000","unstructured":"R-R-W Brooks, Fear and fairness in the city: Criminal enforcement and perceptions of fairness in minority communities. South Calif Law Rev 73, 1219\u20131273 (2000).","journal-title":"South Calif Law Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240507000302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511617256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice","author":"Shedd C","year":"2016","unstructured":"C Shedd Unequal City: Race, Schools, and Perceptions of Injustice (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Race, Crime, and the Law","author":"Kennedy R","year":"1997","unstructured":"R Kennedy Race, Crime, and the Law (Pantheon, New York, 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2007.00084.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lasr.12200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore\u2019s Eastern District","author":"Moskos P","year":"2008","unstructured":"P Moskos Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore\u2019s Eastern District (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416663494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412470829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Unfair by design: The war on drugs, race, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system","volume":"73","author":"Bobo L-D","year":"2006","unstructured":"L-D Bobo, V Thompson, Unfair by design: The war on drugs, race, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Soc Res (New York) 73, 445\u2013472 (2006).","journal-title":"Soc Res (New York)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Motivation and justification: A dual-process model of culture in action","volume":"114","author":"Vaisey S","year":"2009","unstructured":"S Vaisey, Motivation and justification: A dual-process model of culture in action. AJS 114, 1675\u20131715 (2009).","journal-title":"AJS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716209357146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/827739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence","volume":"116","author":"Kirk D-S","year":"2011","unstructured":"D-S Kirk, A-V Papachristos, Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. AJS 116, 1190\u20131233 (2011).","journal-title":"AJS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416632212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226733883.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503615557-004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X18000140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Thinking, Fast and Slow","author":"Kahneman D","year":"2011","unstructured":"D Kahneman Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3280\/SUR2014-103004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226762937.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9780814777114.001.0001","volume-title":"Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys","author":"Rios V","year":"2011","unstructured":"V Rios Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (New York Univ Press, New York, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/223544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis","author":"Thibaut J","year":"1975","unstructured":"J Thibaut, L Walker Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1975)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts","author":"Tyler T-R","year":"2002","unstructured":"T-R Tyler, Y-J Huo Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5893.3703002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102612-134043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spw003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"2054","article-title":"Police reform and the dismantling of legal estrangement","volume":"126","author":"Bell M-C","year":"2017","unstructured":"M-C Bell, Police reform and the dismantling of legal estrangement. Yale Law J 126, 2054\u20132150 (2017).","journal-title":"Yale Law J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","volume-title":"The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy","author":"Wilson W-J","year":"1987","unstructured":"W-J Wilson The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass","author":"Massey D","year":"1993","unstructured":"D Massey, N Denton American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","volume-title":"Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?","author":"Raphael S","year":"2013","unstructured":"S Raphael, M-A Stoll Why Are So Many Americans in Prison? (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity","author":"Wacquant L","year":"2009","unstructured":"L Wacquant Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Duke Univ Press, Durham, NC, 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14624740122228249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","volume-title":"Punishment and Inequality in America","author":"Western B","year":"2006","unstructured":"B Western Punishment and Inequality in America (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness","author":"Alexander M","year":"2012","unstructured":"M Alexander The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New Press, New York, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195305791.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"D Bocian W Li K-S Ernst Foreclosures by race and ethnicity: The demographics of a Crisis. Centre for Responsible Lending Report. Available at www.responsiblelending.org\/mortgage-lending\/research-analysis\/foreclosures-by-race-and-ethnicity.pdf. Accessed June 18 2018. (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City","author":"Desmond M","year":"2016","unstructured":"M Desmond Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (Crown, New York, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spv002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415581334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","volume-title":"Britain Divided: The Growth of Social Exclusion in the 1980s and 1990s","author":"Walker A","year":"1997","unstructured":", eds A Walker, C Walker (Child Poverty Action Group, London Britain Divided: The Growth of Social Exclusion in the 1980s and 1990s, 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2013.803041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2012.00891.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00042.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","volume-title":"Who Are the Criminals? the Politics of Crime Policy in the Age of Roosevelt to the Age of Reagan","author":"Hagan J","year":"2010","unstructured":"J Hagan Who Are the Criminals? the Politics of Crime Policy in the Age of Roosevelt to the Age of Reagan (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X14000356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674969223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-01-2015-0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/210356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","unstructured":"J-S House Chicago community adult health study 2001\u20132003. ICPSR31142-v1 (Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Ann Arbor MI). (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","unstructured":"D Cooper R Lugalia-Hollon Chicago Justice Project of Chicago\u2019s Million Dollar Blocks. Available at chicagosmilliondollarblocks.com\/. Accessed June 18 2018. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Ferreira J Gyourko A new look at the US foreclosure crisis: Panel data evidence of prime and subprime borrowers from 1997 to 2012 (National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge MA). Available at www.nber.org\/papers\/w21261. Accessed June 18 2018. (2015).","DOI":"10.3386\/w21261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","unstructured":"K Kondo Introduction to Spatial Economic Analysis: Creating Spatially Lagged Variables in Stata. spgen Version 1.30. Available at fmwww.bc.edu\/RePEc\/bocode\/s\/spgen.pdf. Accessed June 18 2018. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","volume-title":"Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide","author":"Peterson R-D","year":"2010","unstructured":"R-D Peterson, L-J Krivo Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide (Russell Sage, New York, 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1101100306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","unstructured":"R Metcalfe The Misuse of Police Authority in Chicago p iv. Available at https:\/\/chicagopatf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/metcalfe-report-1972.pdf. Accessed June 18 2018. (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","unstructured":"; Police Accountability Task Force Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust Between the Chicago Police and the Communities They Serve p 2. Available at https:\/\/assets.documentcloud.org\/documents\/2801130\/Chicago-Police-Accountability-Task-Force-Report.pdf. Accessed June 18 2018. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-014-9223-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","unstructured":"; President\u2019s Task Force on 21st Century Policing Final report of the president\u2019s task force on 21 st century policing (Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Washington DC). (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","volume-title":"Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2018","unstructured":"; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","unstructured":"E Hinton J Kohler-Hausmann V-M Weaver (April 13 2016) Did blacks really endorse the 1994 crime bill? NY Times . Available at https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/13\/opinion\/did-blacks-really-endorse-the-1994-crime-bill.html?mtrref=undefined&assetType=opinion&_r=0. Accessed June 18 2018."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1722210115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1722210115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T21:45:21Z","timestamp":1720388721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1722210115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1722210115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1722210115","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}