{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:00:36Z","timestamp":1794006036360,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the paralytic human disease botulism and are one of the highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism. To generate a pharmaceutical to prevent or treat botulism, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated by phage display and evaluated for neutralization of BoNT serotype A (BoNT\/A)\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although no single mAb significantly neutralized toxin, a combination of three mAbs (oligoclonal Ab) neutralized 450,000 50% lethal doses of BoNT\/A, a potency 90 times greater than human hyperimmune globulin. The potency of oligoclonal Ab was primarily due to a large increase in functional Ab binding affinity. The results indicate that the potency of the polyclonal humoral immune response can be deconvoluted to a few mAbs binding nonoverlapping epitopes, providing a route to drugs for preventing and treating botulism and diseases caused by other pathogens and biologic threat agents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172229899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,30]],"date-time":"2002-09-30T12:42:53Z","timestamp":1033389773000},"page":"11346-11350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Potent neutralization of botulinum neurotoxin by recombinant oligoclonal antibody"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. B.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Amersdorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. A.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Room 3C-38, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010; and College of Pharmacy, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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