{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:54:44Z","timestamp":1792061684688,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of the\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    vulva requires the involution of epithelial cells and provides a model for organ morphogenesis. Mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans sqv<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:underline>sq<\/jats:underline>\n                    uashed\n                    <jats:underline>v<\/jats:underline>\n                    ulva) genes affect both vulval morphogenesis and embryonic development. We found that\n                    <jats:italic>sqv-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes a protein similar to UDP-glucose dehydrogenases and showed that the SQV-4 protein specifically catalyzes the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid, which is essential for the biosynthesis of chondroitin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. SQV-4 is expressed in the vulva and in oocytes, among many other cells, and SQV-4 levels are dramatically increased in a specific subset of vulval cells during vulval morphogenesis. We propose that the regulation of UDP-glucuronic acid production in a specific subset of vulval cells helps determine the shape of the vulva.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172522499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,29]],"date-time":"2002-10-29T12:24:11Z","timestamp":1035894251000},"page":"14224-14229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    vulval morphogenesis gene\n                    <i>sqv<\/i>\n                    -\n                    <i>4<\/i>\n                    encodes a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase that is temporally and spatially regulated"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Ho-Yon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, 68-425, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Robert","family":"Horvitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, 68-425, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.3.974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.20.10838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061593098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172522199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.33.22915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.37.26165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.41.28841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.60.070191.002303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.3.968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/77.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Riddle D. 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