{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:35:16Z","timestamp":1791149716743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent threat of bioterrorism has fueled debate on smallpox vaccination policy for the United States. Certain policy proposals call for voluntary mass vaccination; however, if individuals decide whether to vaccinate according to self-interest, the level of herd immunity achieved may differ from what is best for the population as a whole. We present a synthesis of game theory and epidemic modeling that formalizes this conflict between self-interest and group interest and shows that voluntary vaccination is unlikely to reach the group-optimal level. This shortfall results in a substantial increase in expected mortality after an attack.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1731324100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]],"date-time":"2003-09-02T13:27:00Z","timestamp":1062509220000},"page":"10564-10567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":335,"title":["Group interest versus self-interest in smallpox vaccination policy"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Chris T.","family":"Bauch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1; and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Galvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1; and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. D.","family":"Earn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1; and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162282799"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074674"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5602.2312"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"von Neumann J. & Morgenstern O. (1944) Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton Univ. Press Princeton)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Maynard-Smith J. (1982) Evolution and the Theory of Games (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge U.K.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Axelrod R. 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(1988) Smallpox and Its Eradication (World Health Organization Geneva)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1731324100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T11:18:07Z","timestamp":1704885487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1731324100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1731324100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1731324100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-08-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}